高中語法復(fù)習(xí)二、主謂一致

 在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則，即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。

　　 （一）語法一致原則：語法上一致就是謂語動詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。

　　 1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

　　 注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.

　　 2、由連接詞and或both … and連接起來的合成主語后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.

　　 注意：① 若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語動詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時(shí)，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it.

　　 3、主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.

　　 4、either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.

　　 注意：① 在口語中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有"of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或代詞）"作主語時(shí)，其謂語動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.

　　 5、在定語從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語時(shí)，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.

　　 6、如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.

　　 注意：people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：The police are looking for the lost child.

　　 7、由"a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞"構(gòu)成的短語以及由"分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞"構(gòu)成的短語作主語，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.

　　 注意： a number of"許多"，作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；the number of"…的數(shù)量"，主語是number，謂語用單數(shù)。

　　 8、在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.

　　 （二）邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語動詞的數(shù)必須和主語的意義一致（因有時(shí)主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)；有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù)）。

　　 1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來決定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.

　　 2、表示"時(shí)間、重量、長度、價(jià)值"等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式， 這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.

　　 3、若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如： "The Arabian Nights"is an interesting story-book.

　　 4、表數(shù)量的短語"one and a half"后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，其謂語動詞可用單數(shù)形式（也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.

　　 5、算式中表示數(shù)目（字）的主語通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語動詞采用單數(shù)形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.

　　 6、一些學(xué)科名詞是以 -ics 結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語時(shí)，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn't easy to study.

　　 7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

　　 8、"定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞"，表示某一類人時(shí)，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　 （三）就近一致原則：在英語句子中，有時(shí)謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語保持一致。

　　 1、當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also連接時(shí)，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?

　　 2、there be句型be動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..

　　注意：Here引導(dǎo)的句子用法同上。

　　練習(xí)：主謂一致

　　1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.

　　A.am                B.is               C.are              D.be

　　2. The rich ____ not always happy.

　　A.are               B.is              C.has            D.have

　　3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students.

　　A.are              B.am            C.is             D.was

　　4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.

　　A. are studying        B. have studied      C. studies           D. study

　　5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home.

　　A.am               B.is              C.are             D.be

　　6. Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters.,

　　A.are;are             B.am;am          C.ani;are          D.is;is

　　7. Every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party.

　　A.wish                B.wishes           C.is like            D.like

　　8. Ove