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初中英語基礎(chǔ)語法3-形容詞/副詞
形容詞三、形容詞(adj.) 表示人和事物的特征,對(duì)名詞起修飾和描繪作用
四、副詞(adv.)表示動(dòng)作特征或性狀,主要修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞及整個(gè)句子
。ㄒ唬┬稳菰~的用法及位置
1.形容詞在句中作定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等,作定語時(shí)一般放在名詞前。
Eg. She has short hair.(作定語)
Paul is tall.(作表語)
We must keep our room clean.(作賓補(bǔ))
2.形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí)放在其后。
eg.She has something important to tell us./
There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.
。ǘ└痹~的種類、用法及位置
1.副詞的種類
。1)時(shí)間副詞
、俦硎敬篌w時(shí)間:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far
②表示頻率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
、燮渌饔茫篴lready,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally
(2)地點(diǎn)副詞
、俦淼攸c(diǎn):here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,
nowhere,somewhere.
、诒砦恢藐P(guān)系(后接賓語時(shí),用作介詞):
above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,
away,near,off,past
。3)方式副詞表示謂語動(dòng)詞“怎樣地”,(此類副詞大部分由形容詞加ly構(gòu)成):
badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,
politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,
wrongly,suddenly.
(4)程度副詞 多數(shù)用來修飾形容詞或副詞:much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly
。5)疑問副詞 構(gòu)成特殊疑問句:how,when, where,why
(6)連接副詞 連接主語、賓語或表語從句:how,when,where,why
。7)關(guān)系副詞 引導(dǎo)定語從句:when,where,why
(8)其它性質(zhì)的副詞對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行說明,一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開:
frankly(坦率地說,說真的),generally(一般說來),luckily(幸運(yùn)地是),first of all(首先)等。
2.副詞的用法及位置
。1)修飾動(dòng)詞作狀語
、俣鄶(shù)位于動(dòng)詞之后,及物動(dòng)詞的賓語或介問的賓語之后。
eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.
She speaks English well.
The nurse looks after the babies carefully.
、陬l度副詞放在動(dòng)詞前,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后。
eg.He always goes to school On foot.
She was often late for school.
I have never been to Beijing·
。2)修飾形容詞作狀語,放在形容詞前。
eg.He has a very nice watch.
The box is too heavy.
(3)修飾另一副詞作狀語,放在另一副詞前。
eg.She paints quite well.
You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.
(4)作表語,放在系動(dòng)詞后。
eg.Is anybody in?
。5)作賓語補(bǔ)足語,放在賓語之后。
eg.I saw him out just now.
(6)作定語,放在名詞之后。
eg.There is a man:here On vacation.
。7)疑問副詞、修飾整個(gè)句子的副詞以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副詞,一般放在句首。
eg.Finally,I finished the work.
Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.
。8)表示程度的副詞一般放在被修飾詞前,而enough則放在它所修飾的詞后。
eg. He is old enough to go to school.
(三)形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)
1.比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成
。1)單音節(jié)和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞
、僖话阍谠~尾加er或est
great——greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest
②以e結(jié)尾的只加r或st
nice——nicer——nicest,large——larger—largest.
、垡暂o音字母加y結(jié)尾的,先變y為i,再加er或est
heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest,
busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——+funniest,
early——earlier→earliest
、芤灾刈x閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞,先雙寫最末的一個(gè)輔音字母,再加er或est
big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—fatter→fattest,
fitt—fitter→fittest
。2)多音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)詞,前加more為比較級(jí),加(the)most為最高級(jí)
careful→more careful——most careful
useful——more useful——most useful
popular→more popular→most popular
carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly
。3)不規(guī)則變化的詞
good/well→better→best
bad/ill/badly→worse→worst
many/much→more→most
little→less→least
old→older/elder→oldest(指年齡大。痚ldest(指長幼順序)
far→farther/further→farthest(指距離)/furthest(指程度)
2.形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的用法
。1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的用法
、儆糜趦烧弑容^,表示“比…更…”:
“A+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞比較級(jí)+than+B,
eg.I am two years older than my little sister.
“A+謂語動(dòng)詞+副詞比較級(jí)+than+B:
eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.
、谟糜趦烧咧g的同級(jí)比較,表示“…和…一樣”:
“A+系動(dòng)詞+as+形容詞原級(jí)+as+B,
eg.Bill is as funny as his father.
“A+謂語動(dòng)詞+as+副詞原級(jí)+as+B”
eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.
、郾硎炯自谀撤矫娌蝗缫遥
“A+系動(dòng)詞+notas/so+形容i司原級(jí)+as十B”
eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.
“A+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+謂語動(dòng)詞+aS/SO+B”
eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.
、鼙硎灸硞(gè)范圍內(nèi)的兩者相比:
“A十動(dòng)詞十the+比較級(jí)+of短語(比較范圍)” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是這兩個(gè)女孩中較高的一個(gè)。
、荼硎尽霸絹碓健保骸氨容^級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”
eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天,白天變得越來越長。
、薇硎尽霸健健保骸皌he+比較級(jí)…the+比較級(jí)”
eg.The mort:you practice using English,the better you’ll learn it 你英語練得越多,就會(huì)學(xué)得越好。
①可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修飾比較級(jí)表示程度,但決不可用very修飾。
eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一點(diǎn);
it is even colder today than yesterday. 今天甚至比昨天更冷
、嘣诒容^級(jí)中,為了避免重復(fù),可用that或those代替前面提到過的事情。
eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown.這兒比我的老家熱得多。
The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.這家商店的褲子比那家商店的褲子質(zhì)量好得多。
。3)形容詞和副詞最高級(jí)的用法
對(duì)三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)用最高級(jí)。形容詞最高級(jí)前面要加定冠詞the,副詞最高級(jí)前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可帶of/in短浯來說明比較范圍:
“主語+系動(dòng)詞+the+形容詞最高級(jí)+of短語/in短語”
eg.She is the youngest Of all.
“A+謂語動(dòng)詞+(the)+最高級(jí)+of短語/in短語”
eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.
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