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名詞的用法英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式的誤判
【典例】—What do you think the should do first?
—They should learn to take as well as share rights in life.
A. grown-up; responsibility B. growns-up; responsibility
C. grown-ups; responsibilities D. growns-ups; responsibilities
錯(cuò)因分析:有些考生以為grown是復(fù)合名詞的中心詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)該在grown后面加-s;另一方面認(rèn)為responsibility是不可數(shù)名詞,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,從而錯(cuò)選B.其實(shí),grown-up沒(méi)有中心名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)該在up后面加-s;同時(shí)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,responsibility指義務(wù),該單詞作“義務(wù),職責(zé)”講時(shí),可作可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,故正確答案選C.
復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般在中心名詞后面加-s,如:looker-on → lookers-on, son-in-law → sons-in-law;但是當(dāng)復(fù)合名詞沒(méi)有中心名詞時(shí),其復(fù)數(shù)形式是在最后的詞后面加-s,如:grown-up → grown-ups; go-between → go-betweens.
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2 名詞的格的誤用
【典例】—Look! This is .
—Very beautiful. When did she take it?
A. my mother‘s picture B. my mother in the picture
C. a picture of my mother D. a picture of my mother‘s
錯(cuò)因分析:考生可能受漢語(yǔ)思維的影響,錯(cuò)選A或B;也可能受英語(yǔ)雙重所有格的影響,錯(cuò)選D.根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,正確答案選C.
my mother‘s picture,意為“我媽媽所擁有的照片”,暗含“照片上不一定是我媽媽”; a picture of my mother‘s意為“我媽媽所擁有的照片中的一張”,同樣,暗含“照片上不一定是我媽媽”; a picture of my mother意為“我媽媽的照片(照片中是媽媽)”;my mother in the picture意為“照片中我的媽媽”,暗含“不是真實(shí)的媽媽”。
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3 名詞作定語(yǔ)的誤用
【典例】—Where does your sister work, Jack?
—She works in a .
A. shop of cloth B. cloth‘s shop C. shop with clothes D. clothes shop
錯(cuò)因分析:有些考生會(huì)因?yàn)閷?duì)名詞作定語(yǔ)的用法運(yùn)用不當(dāng)而錯(cuò)選B.其實(shí),clothes“服裝”只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,而單數(shù)形式“布店”應(yīng)用shop for cloth或cloth shop,因此,根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,正確答案選D.
名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用其單數(shù)形式,然而,名詞parents, clothes, sports等,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)必須要使用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。另外,man, woman作定語(yǔ)時(shí),如果中心詞是單數(shù),則用其單數(shù)形式;如果中心詞是復(fù)數(shù),則用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)4 對(duì)不可數(shù)名詞的應(yīng)用判斷失誤
【典例】—I find it very difficult to read novel you lent me last week.
—Yes. It‘s necessary to have good knowledge of history.
A. the;不填 B. a;不填 C. the; a D. a; a
錯(cuò)因分析:考生可能以為第一空是特指對(duì)方上周所借給“我”的小說(shuō),故應(yīng)填定冠詞;第二空后面是抽象名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,不填冠詞,于是錯(cuò)選A.然而,此處knowledge之前須用不定冠詞,have a good knowledge of意為“對(duì)……很了解”,是固定搭配,故正確答案選C.
英語(yǔ)中,有些抽象名詞,如knowledge, history, failure, success, help, pleasure, surprise, honour等表示抽象概念時(shí),其前面不用不定冠詞,如:with pleasure, in surprise等。但是,當(dāng)表示具體的概念時(shí),其前面須用不定冠詞,也可以用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)5 對(duì)專有名詞的應(yīng)用判斷失誤
【典例】—Do you know Li Ming?
—Li Ming? Which one? I know Li Ming in our class very well. He is Lei Feng of our times.
A. 不填;不填 B. a; a C. a; the D. the; the
錯(cuò)因分析:有些考生可能以為兩個(gè)空后面的名詞都是人名,前面不用冠詞,于是錯(cuò)選A.然而,聯(lián)系語(yǔ)境可知,答話者至少認(rèn)識(shí)兩個(gè)李明,而特指他班上的那個(gè)李明時(shí)前面須用定冠詞;后一空的Lei Feng由of our times修飾,說(shuō)明是我們時(shí)代的特征,須用定冠詞,故正確答案選D.
人名前面加定冠詞,指特定的某個(gè)人或某個(gè)人的主要特征。地名前面一般不用定冠詞,但是當(dāng)指特定某時(shí)期的地方或某地的主要特征時(shí),須用定冠詞。如:China → the China (of) today; America → the America of last century; the New York of China等。表姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前面用定冠詞表示夫婦兩人或全家人,如:the Greens.
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