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初中的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

時(shí)間:2024-10-16 21:25:17 賽賽 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 我要投稿

初中的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

  英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法一直以來(lái)都是很多初中生頭疼的內(nèi)容,由于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)比較復(fù)雜,很多學(xué)生都學(xué)不好這部分的知識(shí)。以下是小編整理的初中的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。

初中的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

  初中的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

  一、概說(shuō)

  1. 名詞的定義

  名詞是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名稱的詞:

  book 書(shū) bread 面包 news 消息

  Jack 杰克 London 倫敦 Japan 日本 等

  2. 名詞的分類

  根據(jù)詞匯意義,名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞:

  (1) 專有名詞主要指人、地方、組織、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專有的名稱,專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母通常大寫(xiě):

  Mary 瑪麗 Mr White 懷特先生 Beijing 北京 等

  (2) 普通名詞通常指人、物、概念等的一般名稱。根據(jù)普通名詞的語(yǔ)法性質(zhì),它又可以分為個(gè)體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、集合名詞和抽象名詞四類:

 、 個(gè)體名詞表示人或物的個(gè)體,如:girl 女孩,river 河流,等;

  ② 物質(zhì)名詞表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物,如:water 水,meat 肉,等;

 、 集合名詞表示若干個(gè)體組成的集合體,如:family 家庭,crowd 人群,等;

 、 抽象名詞表示性質(zhì)、行為、狀態(tài)、感情等抽象概念,如:work 工作,happiness 幸福,等。

  二、名詞的數(shù)

  1. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法

  規(guī)則變化的復(fù)數(shù)名詞遵循以下原則:

  (1) 在一般情況下,加詞尾 -s:

  desk→desks 書(shū)桌 tree→trees 樹(shù) face→faces 臉

  (2) 以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等結(jié)尾的名詞,通常加詞尾 -es:

  bus→buses 公共汽車(chē) box→boxes 盒子 dish→dishes 盤(pán)子

  (3) 以y 結(jié)尾的名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成要分兩種情況:以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞,將 y 改為 ies;以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞,直接加詞尾-s:

  city→cities 城市 boy→boys 男孩 key→keys 鑰匙

  (4) 以o結(jié)尾的名詞,有些加詞尾-s,有些加-es,有些加-s或-es均可:

  piano→pianos 鋼琴 tomato→tomatoes 西紅柿 zero→zero(e)s

  【說(shuō)明】初中英語(yǔ)中以o結(jié)尾的名詞后加詞尾-s的有 zoo(動(dòng)物園),photo(照片),piano (鋼琴),等;加詞尾-es的有tomato(西紅柿),potato(土豆),hero(英雄),Negro(黑人)。

  (5) 以 f 或 fe 結(jié)尾的名詞,一般將 f / fe 改為 ves:

  knife→knives 小刀 thief→thieves 賊 life→lives 生命

  【說(shuō)明】初中英語(yǔ)中這類名詞主要的有wife(妻子),life(生命),knife(小刀),leaf(樹(shù)葉),thief(賊),half(一半),self(自己),loaf(面包),wolf(狼)。它們的復(fù)數(shù)形式均是將詞尾的f或fe改為ves。另外,也有的以 f 或 fe 結(jié)尾的名詞直接加詞尾-s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)(如roof →roofs 屋頂),但這在初中英語(yǔ)中很少見(jiàn)。

  2. 單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞

  初中英語(yǔ)中主要的有:

  sheep 綿羊 fish 魚(yú) deer 鹿

  Chinese 中國(guó)人 Japanese 日本人 Swiss 瑞士人 等

  【說(shuō)明】fish 有時(shí)也用 fishes 這樣的復(fù)數(shù)形式,尤其表示種類時(shí)。

  3. 不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)名詞

  有的名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),沒(méi)有一定的規(guī)則:

  man→men 男人 woman→women 女人 child→children 小孩

  tooth→teeth 牙齒 foot→feet 腳 mouse→mice 老鼠

  【說(shuō)明】一些以 man, woman 結(jié)尾的合成詞,構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)與 man, woman 的變化形式相同,如:

  policeman→policemen 警察 Englishwoman→Englishwomen (女)英國(guó)人

  但是 human(人),German(德國(guó)人)不是合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)不能仿 man 的變化規(guī)律,而是按規(guī)則變化,即用 humans, Germans。

  另外,當(dāng)man和woman用于名詞前作定語(yǔ)時(shí),若其后被修飾的名詞為復(fù)數(shù),則man和woman也要用復(fù)數(shù):

  man nurse→men nurses 男護(hù)士 woman doctor→women doctors 女醫(yī)生

  4. 可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞

  名詞根據(jù)其可數(shù)性,可分為可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞:

  (1) 可數(shù)名詞,即指可以數(shù)目進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞:

  a boy 一個(gè)男孩 two boys 兩個(gè)男孩 many boys 許多男孩

  (2) 不可數(shù)名詞,即不能用數(shù)目進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞:

  air 空氣 water 水 time 時(shí)間

  【說(shuō)明】① 可數(shù)名詞可以有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式,而不可數(shù)名詞通常只有單數(shù)形式,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。

 、谝话阏f(shuō)來(lái),個(gè)體名詞和大部分集合名詞是可數(shù)的;而專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞以及少部分集合名詞則通常是不可數(shù)的。但是這種區(qū)分只是大致的,原則性的,并不是絕對(duì)的。英語(yǔ)中有些名詞往往既是可數(shù)也可以是不可數(shù)的:

  A:Would you like a cake? 要吃塊蛋糕嗎?

  B:No, I dont like cake. 不吃,我不喜歡吃蛋糕。

  以上第一句用 a cake,這是把 cake 視為一塊一塊的“蛋糕”,所以它是可數(shù)的;而第二句只用 cake,這是把它當(dāng)作物質(zhì)名詞看待, 所以它成了不可數(shù)名詞。

  又如,tea(茶)作為物質(zhì)名詞,它是不可數(shù)的,但它若表示“一杯茶”或“一種茶”,則是可數(shù)的,如可說(shuō) Its a good tea(那是一種好茶),Two teas, please(請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶)。

  5. 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語(yǔ)

  (1) 修飾可數(shù)名詞的常用修飾語(yǔ)有these, those, few, a few, many, a good [great] many, a great [good] number of 等:

  these students 這些學(xué)生 a few friends 幾個(gè)朋友

  a great many letters 許多信件 many factories 許多工廠

  【說(shuō)明】a good [great] many 后直接跟名詞,沒(méi)有介詞 of。

  (2) 修飾不可數(shù)名詞的常用修飾語(yǔ)有this, that, little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of 等:

  this paper 這種紙 much money 許多錢(qián)

  a little milk 一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)牛奶 a great deal of time 許多時(shí)間

  (3) 有些修飾語(yǔ)既可修飾可數(shù)名詞也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞,如all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等:

  some books 一些書(shū) some time 一些時(shí)間

  a lot of workers 許多工人 a lot of water 許多水

  6. 單位詞piece與pair

  (1) 一般說(shuō)來(lái),不可數(shù)名詞不可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)數(shù),若要計(jì)數(shù),則要借助單位詞,其中用于對(duì)不可數(shù)名詞計(jì)數(shù)的最常用的單位詞就是piece,其意為“張”、“塊”、“條”等:

  a piece of paper 一張紙 a piece of advice一條建議

  a piece of news一條消息 a piece of chalk 一支粉筆

  a piece of bread 一塊面包 a piece of work 一件工作

  a piece of meat 一塊肉 a piece of ice 一塊冰

  a piece of paper 一張紙 a piece of music 一曲音樂(lè)

  a piece of wood 一塊木頭 a piece of furniture 一件家具

  【說(shuō)明】不要按漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣在不該用單位詞的地方錯(cuò)用單位詞,如“一張郵票”只能說(shuō) a stamp,而不能說(shuō) a piece of stamp。另外,除piece外,以下表達(dá)也值得注意:

  a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水 a cup of tea 一杯茶

  a bowl of rice 一碗米飯 a glass of beer 一杯啤酒

  a drop of water 一滴水 a grain of sand 一粒沙

  (2) pair 主要用來(lái)指由兩者組成的“一雙”或“一對(duì)”,或由兩半合成的“一條”、“一副”、“一把”等:

  a pair of shoes 一雙鞋子 a pair of glasses 一副眼鏡

  a pair of wings 一對(duì)翅膀 a pair of trousers 一條褲子

  a pair of balances 一副天平 a pair of gloves 一副手套

  a pair of shorts 一條短褲 a pair of socks 一雙短襪

  a huge pair of eyes 一雙大眼睛 a beautiful pair of legs 一雙美麗的大腿

  【說(shuō)明】“a pair of+名詞”之類的結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)通常與pair的數(shù)保持一致:

  This pair of trousers is very cheap. 這條褲子子很便宜。

  These pairs of trousers are very cheap. 這幾條褲子很便宜。

  7. 幾組集合名詞的用法特點(diǎn)

  (1) family(家庭),team(隊(duì)),class(班),audience(聽(tīng)眾)等,其用法特點(diǎn)為:若視為整體,表示單數(shù)意義;若考慮其個(gè)體成員,表示復(fù)數(shù)意義。比較:

  This class has 40 pupils. 這個(gè)班有40個(gè)學(xué)生。

  This class are playing football now. 這個(gè)班的學(xué)生現(xiàn)正在踢足球。

  (2) cattle(牛),people(人),police(警察)等,其用法特點(diǎn)為:只有單數(shù)形式, 但卻表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù);不與 a(n) 連用,但可與the連用。

  初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)

  一、一般時(shí)態(tài)

  1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

  (1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示沒(méi)有時(shí)限的持久存在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和副詞usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week等連用。例如:

  1)The moon moves round the earth..

  2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.

  (2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment以及if,unless等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如:

  1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

  2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.

  (3)某些表示起始的動(dòng)詞,可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,這類動(dòng)詞有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave等。例如:

  1)The plane leaves at three sharp.

  2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.

  (4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as等引導(dǎo)的從句中,也常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如:

  1)Free tickets will be given towhoever comes first.

  2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.

  2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)

  (1)表示過(guò)去某一特定時(shí)間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與表示確切過(guò)去時(shí)間的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句連用。例如:

  We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.

  (2)表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如:

  1)He always went to class last.

  2)I used to do my homework in the library.

  (注意與be used to doing短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別)

  3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)

  1)表示將來(lái)打算進(jìn)行或期待發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如:

  I shall graduate next year.

  2)幾種替代形式:

  1)be going to +v在口語(yǔ)中廣泛使用,表示準(zhǔn)備做或?qū)l(fā)生的事情。例如:

  I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.

  2)be to +v表示計(jì)劃安排要做的事,具有“必要”的強(qiáng)制性意義。例如:

  I am to play tennis this afternoon.

  3)be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如:

  He was about to start.

  4)be due to +v表示預(yù)先確定了的事,必定發(fā)生的事。例如:

  The train is due to depart in ten minutes.

  5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing強(qiáng)調(diào)即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如:

  The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home

  二、進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

  1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

  (1)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等連用。例如:

  Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.

  (2)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與always,continually,forever,constantly等連用。例如:

  My father is forever criticizing me.

  (3)表示根據(jù)計(jì)劃或安排在最近要進(jìn)行的事情。具有這種語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞僅限于過(guò)渡性動(dòng)詞。即表示從一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置上去的動(dòng)詞。常用的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等。例如:

  They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.

  (4)有些動(dòng)詞不能用進(jìn)行時(shí),這是一類表示“感覺(jué),感情,存在,從屬”等的動(dòng)詞。如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感覺(jué)的詞);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的動(dòng)詞);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有與從屬的動(dòng)詞);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的動(dòng)詞)。但是如果它們?cè)~義改變,便也可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如:

  1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?

  (look在此為聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞,意為“顯得,看上去”)

  2)Tom is looking for his books.

  (look在此為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,意為“尋找”)

  2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

  過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)或發(fā)生后,另一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,或表示過(guò)去反復(fù)的習(xí)慣,常與always,continually,constantly等動(dòng)詞連用。例如:

  1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.

  2)Whenever Ivisited him, he was always writing at the desk.

  3.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)

  將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,或表示要在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始,并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常用來(lái)表示禮貌的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求等。例如:

  1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.

  2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?

  4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

  (現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái))完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是(現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái))完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式,將放在完成時(shí)態(tài)部分講述。

  三、完成時(shí)態(tài)

  完成時(shí)態(tài)通常表示已完成或從事的動(dòng)作。它可分為:

  1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

  (1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示對(duì)目前狀況仍有影響的,剛剛完成的動(dòng)作(常與yet,already,just連用),或者過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況(常與for,since連用)。例如:

  1)I have just finished my homework.

  2)Mary has been ill for three days.

  (2)常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:since, for, during, over等引導(dǎo)出的短語(yǔ);副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;狀語(yǔ)詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如:

  1)I haven’t been there for five years.

  2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.

  3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.

  (3)完成時(shí)態(tài)可用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中:

  This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定語(yǔ)從句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語(yǔ)從句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級(jí)+ n +定語(yǔ)從句。如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:

  (1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

  (2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

  2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)

  (1)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況,這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間可以用by,before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示;或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如:

  1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

  2)By theendof last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

  (2)動(dòng)詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過(guò)去完成時(shí),表示過(guò)去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如:

  I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.

  另外兩種表示“過(guò)去想做而未做的事”的表達(dá)方式是:

  1)was / were + to have done sth,例如:

  We were tohave come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

  2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如:

  I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

  (3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型:

  1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ when + 過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:

  Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

  2)no sooner +過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ than +過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:

  No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

  3)by (theendof ) +過(guò)去時(shí)間,主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:

  The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

  3.將來(lái)完成時(shí)

  將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻將完成或在另一個(gè)未來(lái)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作;也可以用來(lái)表示一種猜測(cè)。常與將來(lái)完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:by (the time / theendof ) +表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)和句子;before (theendof ) +表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)或句子;when, after等加上表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作的句子等。例如:

  1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.

  2)I shall have finishedthis composition before 9 o’clock.

  3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

  4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

  完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式,有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí),將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

  (1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如:

  I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.

  (2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如:

  It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

  (3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻。例如:

  By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

  四:時(shí)態(tài)一致

  時(shí)態(tài)一致是英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容。通常應(yīng)由主句謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)決定從句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)。一般原則是:

  1、當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)具體情況使用任何時(shí)態(tài)

  He says that he lives in Wuhan.

  We hope that there will be many people at your party today.

  “Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”

  “There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”

  “There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”

  2、當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)使用過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)候,從句的謂語(yǔ)必須使用過(guò)去范圍的時(shí)態(tài)

  He said he was writing a novel.

  The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.

  He said his father had been an engineer.

  3、當(dāng)從句是表示沒(méi)有時(shí)間概念的真理時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如:

  The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.

  注:在此種情況下,即使主句謂語(yǔ)用了過(guò)去式的各種時(shí)態(tài),從句謂語(yǔ)也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

  4、從句謂語(yǔ)只能用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的情況

  利用時(shí)態(tài)一致原則確定從句動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),還應(yīng)注意,若主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是表示命令、請(qǐng)求、要求、建議、勸告等的動(dòng)詞,從句謂語(yǔ)只能用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,不能遵循時(shí)態(tài)一致原則。例如:

  We insisted that we do it ourselves.

  動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)

  語(yǔ)態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài):主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。

  1)We use electricity to run machines. (主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

  2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

  1.不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)

  (1)在英語(yǔ)中,不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但有些不及物動(dòng)詞(包括短語(yǔ))容易引起誤用。如:appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。

  (2)某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞,如:become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

  2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)形式

  常用的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有表1所列的幾種時(shí)態(tài)形式。

  SPAN> 一般時(shí) 進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成時(shí)

  現(xiàn)在 am asked am being asked

  is asked is being asked

  are asked are being asked

  過(guò)去

  was be asked was being asked

  were be asked were being asked

  將來(lái) shall be asked shall have been asked

  will be asked will have been asked

  過(guò)去 should be asked should have been asked

  將來(lái) would be asked would have been asked

  3.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

  短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),通常被看作是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開(kāi)或省略。例如:

  1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.

  2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.

  4.“get + -ed分詞”的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

  “get + -ed分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果,而非動(dòng)作本身,常用來(lái)表示突發(fā)性的,出乎意料的偶然事件。例如:

  The boy got hurt on his way homefromwork.

  另外,“get + -ed分詞”還可用于談?wù)摓樽约鹤龅氖,是主?dòng)的行為而不是被動(dòng)的行為。例如:

  get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(離婚)

  get engaged(訂婚) get confused(迷惑不解)

  get lost(迷路) get washed(洗臉)

  get married(結(jié)婚)

  5.能帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

  (1)能帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),一次只能由一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)被保留下來(lái)。例如:

  1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

  2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

  3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

  (2)能帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如:

  1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

  2)He was appointed League secretary.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

  6.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別

  (1)The novel was well written.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

  (2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

  7.少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有時(shí)有被動(dòng)的意思

  例1:The book is selling remarkably well.

  例2:The song sounds very beautiful.

  能這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有read(讀起來(lái)),clean(擦起來(lái)),wash(洗起來(lái)),write(寫(xiě)起來(lái))。

  例3:My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).

  能像need這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有:want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。

  例4:The meat is cooking.

  例5:The book written by the professor is printing.

  動(dòng)詞的種類語(yǔ)法

  動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞,按其詞義和在句子中的作用可分為行為動(dòng)詞,連系動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

  1.行為動(dòng)詞

  行為動(dòng)詞可分為及物動(dòng)詞 (vt)和不及物動(dòng)詞(vi),及物動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),有完整的詞義,能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),后跟賓語(yǔ);不及物動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),有完整的詞義,能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),但后面不能直接跟賓語(yǔ),如要帶賓語(yǔ)則與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)。

  如:

  More and more people study English.(vt)

  The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)

  2.連系動(dòng)詞

  連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。常用的連系動(dòng)詞有 be, get, turn,become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。

  如:

  Our country isbecoming stronger and stronger.

  It feels damp.

  3.助動(dòng)詞

  助動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)詞義,不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,表示否定,疑問(wèn)及動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)等語(yǔ)法特征,助動(dòng)詞有 be,do,have,shall,will等。

  如:

  How do youusually come to school?

  The children are playing yo-yo now.

  4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

  情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ),表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。

  如:

  Can I help you?

  - Must we go now? -No, you neednt .

  a. can與be able to的用法有所區(qū)別。can只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí),指本身有能力的"能";be able to用于各種時(shí)態(tài)均可,指須經(jīng)過(guò)努力而"能"。

  b. must與have/has to的用法。must表示說(shuō)話人主觀認(rèn)為"必須",只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來(lái)時(shí);have/has to表示客觀需要,意為"不得不",它可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。

  c.need和dare既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也可作行為動(dòng)詞。

  動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)概述

  1.時(shí)態(tài)是一種語(yǔ)法范疇,是用以表示各種時(shí)間和動(dòng)作方面的動(dòng)詞形式。

  謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)決定了整句的時(shí)態(tài)。

  時(shí)間有四個(gè)主要部分,即現(xiàn)在,過(guò)去,將來(lái)和過(guò)去將來(lái)。動(dòng)作方面也有四種,即一般,完成,進(jìn)行和完成進(jìn)行。將這些時(shí)間與動(dòng)作方面組合在一起,即構(gòu)成16種時(shí)態(tài)。如下:

  現(xiàn)在 : 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) I work

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) I have worked

  現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) I am working

  現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) I have been working

  過(guò)去 : 一般過(guò)去時(shí) I worked

  過(guò)去完成時(shí) I had worked

  過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) I was working

  過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) I had been working

  將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài): 一般將來(lái) I shall work

  將來(lái)完成 I shall have worked

  將來(lái)進(jìn)行 I shall be working

  將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行 I shall have been working

  過(guò)去將來(lái) : 一般過(guò)去將來(lái) I should work

  過(guò)去將來(lái)完成 I should have worked

  過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行 I should be working

  過(guò)去將來(lái)完成 I should have been working

  四個(gè)動(dòng)作方面各有其特點(diǎn),現(xiàn)在分述如下:

  1.一般方面:

  用以敘述一單純事實(shí),時(shí)間可以不具體

  動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般方面常表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。

  2.完成反面

  用以表達(dá)一個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成

  身夸兩個(gè)時(shí)間,動(dòng)作發(fā)生于前一個(gè)時(shí)間。但說(shuō)話人的興趣一般在后一個(gè)時(shí)間

  3.進(jìn)行方面

  表示動(dòng)作在一時(shí)段進(jìn)行,說(shuō)話人的興趣一般不在動(dòng)作何時(shí)開(kāi)始,何時(shí)結(jié)束。而在于他所關(guān)心的時(shí)點(diǎn)上。

  往往是提出一種情景,故描述性強(qiáng),比較生動(dòng)。

  4.完成進(jìn)行方面

  兼有完成與進(jìn)行兩個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn)也有夸兩個(gè)時(shí)間,但二者往往相距不遠(yuǎn)。

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