初中英語語法總結15篇[合集]
總結是對取得的成績、存在的問題及得到的經(jīng)驗和教訓等方面情況進行評價與描述的一種書面材料,通過它可以全面地、系統(tǒng)地了解以往的學習和工作情況,為此我們要做好回顧,寫好總結。如何把總結做到重點突出呢?下面是小編為大家收集的初中英語語法總結,歡迎閱讀,希望大家能夠喜歡。
初中英語語法總結1
【—一般過去時用法的】一般過去時表示在過去確定的時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)或者是在過去一段時間內經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作。
1)在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
時間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2)表示在過去一段時間內,經(jīng)常性或習慣性的'動作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3)句型:
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時,作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。
I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較:
一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現(xiàn)已不復存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含義:她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含義:達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含義:現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
注意: 用過去時表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語氣。
1)動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2)情態(tài)動詞 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
一般過去式與一般現(xiàn)在時所表示的很相像,但一個表示過去,一個表示的是現(xiàn)在所發(fā)生的。
初中英語語法總結2
構詞法:英語構詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉換法。
1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法:(1)派生名詞:①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞:①形容詞+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
3、轉換法:
(1)形容詞→動詞,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動詞→名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如:when(什么時候)→(當……時候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續(xù))
名詞:
1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:
1、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構等的專用名稱。
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如:the Great Wall(長城)
姓氏名如果采用復數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復數(shù)含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
2、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復數(shù):英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式。
1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時,要用有關計量名詞。一盒牛奶:
3、名詞所有格:
1、 名詞所有格如:Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結尾的復數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的報紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關系。如:
2、[注解]:
、 ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個店鋪,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
、 兩人共有某物時,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
、 “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數(shù)的一致問題:
1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復數(shù)的一致,即:主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計算機是個了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時,
、 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
、 如果表示其中的所有成員時,則謂語用復數(shù)形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有張中國地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個時謂語用單數(shù),表示許多時,謂語用復數(shù)。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結尾,但不是復數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù):The news is very exciting. (這個消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復數(shù)形式,故謂語用復數(shù)。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復數(shù)時謂語用復數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時謂語用單數(shù)形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時間花在了那個工作上)(被動句)
7、and 連接兩個名詞做主語時,謂語原則上用復數(shù),但是兩個名詞若構成一個整體事物時,謂語則用單數(shù)。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯條是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個事物做主語時,謂語一般用復數(shù)。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時,謂語單復數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個七歲的孩子(當時)就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個人物做句子主語時,謂語采用就近原則。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個人是對的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時間或長度概念的復數(shù)名詞做主語時,謂語一般用單數(shù)。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個月不是個短時間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當長的一段距離)
13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時,謂語的單復數(shù)由名詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學生的三分之一(當時)正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況: What’s the population of China?(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別:sport通常指“戶外運動”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運動、比賽”,不管戶內戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負為主的運動;match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運動) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運會將在北京舉行)(被動句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學校足球隊取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別:festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時間的文娛活動;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風俗習慣,復數(shù)可以表示一個較長的假期;vacation“假期”,指學習或工作中一段長時間的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別:journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進行的長途旅行,不知終點,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的'巡回旅行,強調游覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因為感冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題:指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單復數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時是不可數(shù)名詞。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
代詞:
1、代詞的分類:英語中代詞分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
2、人稱代詞:人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
初中英語語法總結3
感嘆句是表示驚異和喜、怒、哀、樂等強烈感情的句子。感嘆句通常由what和how開頭,句末用感嘆號,讀時用降調。How修飾形容詞、副詞或句子;What修飾名詞。
what引起的感嘆句結構
What+(a/an)+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語!如
What a clever boy he is!(他是個)多么聰明的男孩啊!
What an interesting story it is!(這是個)多么有趣的故事啊!
What fine weather it is!多好的天氣啊!
What beautiful flowers they are!(它們是)多么漂亮的.花啊!
注意
在感嘆句中,What a/an 常用來修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,若其前面的形容詞為元音開頭,則用an。what
用來修飾復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。但有些不可數(shù)名詞,如 rain,surprise,breakfast,lunch
等,當前面有形容詞修飾,使抽象名詞具體化時,則要用 what a/an,如
What a heavy rain it is!多大的一場雨啊!
What a great surprise it is!這多么令人驚奇啊!
What a rich breakfast it is!多么豐盛的一頓早餐啊!
How引起的感嘆句結構
How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!如
How well you look!你氣色真好!
How kind you are!你心腸真好!
How beautifully you sing!你唱得真好聽!
Strawberries!How nice!草莓!多好呀!
How clever the boy is!這個男孩多么聰明啊!
How fast he runs!他跑得多么快啊!
注意
how還可以修飾動詞構成感嘆句,但動詞不提前。如
How I want to be a doctor!我多么想成為一名醫(yī)生啊!
How she dances!她跳得多好啊!
How I missed you.我多么想念你啊。
How you've grown!你都長這么大啦!
How you've changed!你的變化真大!
How he wished for a drink!他多希望能有點東西喝!
How things get around!Everyone must know you are in
town.消息傳得多快!人們一定都知道你到城里來了。
what感嘆句與how感嘆句的轉換
what感嘆句和how感嘆句有時候可以相互轉換。如
How interesting the book is!
=What an interesting book it is!這本書多有趣啊!
沒有感嘆詞的感嘆句
感嘆句除用what和how引出外,還可有其他許多形式,如可用陳述句、疑問句、祈使句等表達感嘆語氣,有時甚至一個單詞或一個短語也可用作感嘆句。如
Stop talking!不要講話了!
Isn't it a lovely day!天氣真好!
The garden looks so lovely today!這花園今天真美!
Fire!失火了!
Very good!很好!
【中考速遞】
[上海中考考題] _____ wonderful speech Emma gave at the UN conference!
A.How B.What C.What a D.What an
[廣東中考考題]Tommy,_____ play basketball in the street next time.You may get
hit by a car.
A.do B.don't C.must D.mustn't
[山東濟南中考考題] — _____ dressed now!We have to go in ten minutes.
— OK,Mom.
A.Getting B.Get C.To get D.dots
[陜西中考考題] — Volunteers from Lantian Saving Team have saved many travellers
in the mountains.
— _____ they are!
A.How great a man B.How great men
C.What a great man D.What great men
[吉林長春中考考題] _____ great news it is!We'll have a school trip next week.
A.What a B.What C.How a D.How
[云南昆明中考考題] — Have you watched the boat races this Dragon Boat
Festival?
— Yes._____ wonderful races!
A.What an B.What a C.What D.How
【答案點撥】
答案C 句意Emma在聯(lián)合國會議上做了一場非常精彩的演講。由句意可知考查感嘆句;由中心詞speech可知用what
a引起感嘆句,故選C。
答案B 考查祈使句。句意湯米,下次不要在街上踢足球了。汽車可能會撞著你。由句意可知這里考查祈使句的否定式,故選B。
答案B 句意“現(xiàn)在就穿衣服!十分鐘之內我們必須走。”“好的,媽媽。”由句意可知這是一個祈使句,動詞要用原形。故選B。
答案D
句意“藍天救援隊的志愿者已在山中救出了許多游客!薄八麄兪嵌嗝磦ゴ蟮娜税!”由句意可知后句為感嘆句;由感嘆句中的they可知man用復數(shù)men,且用what引起感嘆句,故選D。
答案B 句意這是多么棒的消息呀!我們下周將有一個學校旅行。news是不可數(shù)名詞,用what引導感嘆句,故選B。
答案C 句意“在這次端午節(jié)你看過龍舟賽了嗎?”“是的。多么精彩的比賽啊!”由句末的復數(shù)名詞races可知用what引導感嘆句,故選C。
【語法專練 體驗中考】
[山東濟南] — Making paper bottles?Wow,_____ great idea!
— Thank you.We may use less plastic in this way.
A.how B.what C.what an D.what a
[青海西寧] Do you want to be healthy?_____.Smiling can help you stay
healthy.
A.Smile B.Smiling C.To smile D.Smiled
[吉林長春] _____ me an e-mail before you come to Hangzhou.I'll meet you at
the airport.
A.Sending B.To send C.Sends D.Send
[云南考題] _____ exciting boat race it was!Many people watched it.
A.What a B.What an C.How D.How a
[黑龍江齊齊哈爾] The girl got the only chance to study abroad._____ proud her
parents felt!
A.How B.What C.What a
[湖北黃石] _____ to smile at your life when you are in trouble,and you will
soon be happy again.
A.Try B.To try C.Trying D.Tried
[四川攀枝花] _____ your umbrella,or you'll catch a cold on such a rainy
day.
A.Take B.To take C.Taking D.Takes
[黑龍江綏化] _____ cold weather it is!
A.How a B.What a C.What
[湖南湘西] — _____ run in the hallways,Mike.
— Sorry.Ms.Clark.
A.Don't B.Please C.No
10.[山東泰安] As we all know,life is short but amazing._____ it!
A.Enjoy B.To enjoy C.Enjoying D.Enjoyed
1[重慶考題] — Jack,don't always copy what others do._____ your
head,please.
— Thanks for telling me.
A.Using B.Used C.Uses D.Use
1[湖南常德] We have to say goodbye._____ time flies!
A.What B.How C.What a
【答案速遞】
D A D B A A A C A 10.A 1D 1B
初中英語語法總結4
一、詞類、句子成分和構詞法:
1、詞類:英語詞類分十種:
名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
1、名詞(n.): 表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代詞(pron.): 主要用來代替名詞。如:who, she, you, it .
3、形容詞(adj..):表示人或事物的性質或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .
4、數(shù)詞(num.): 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、動詞(v.): 表示動作或狀態(tài)。如:am, is,are,have,see .
6、副詞(adv.): 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時間、地點、程度等。如:now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠詞(art..):用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如:a, an, the.
8、介詞(prep.): 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、連詞(conj.): 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分:英語句子成分分為七種:主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語。
1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔任。
如:I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、謂語動詞說明主語的動作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動詞擔任。如:the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)
3、表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼這個詞)
有些及物動詞帶有兩個賓語,一個指物,一個指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)
有時可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強調間接賓語。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)
5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個大城市)
6、狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔任。如:()
7、賓語補足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動詞充當。如:They usually
keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )
☆同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進一步說明它的情況。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學湯姆在哪里?)
3、構詞法:英語構詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉換法。
1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法:
(1)派生名詞:①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥
Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞:①形容詞+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉換法:
(1)形容詞→動詞,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動詞→名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如:when(什么時候)→(當……時候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續(xù)),等等。
二、名詞:
1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:
1、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構等的專用名稱。
專有名詞中實詞的第一個字母要大寫。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中華人民共和國)
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如:the Great Wall(長城)
姓氏名如果采用復數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復數(shù)含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
▲可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進行計數(shù)的名詞,如: box, child, orange;
▲不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進行計數(shù)的名詞。如:water, news, oil, population,information .
2、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復數(shù):英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式。
1、名詞由單數(shù)變復數(shù)的基本方法如下:
、僭趩螖(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch結尾的詞加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少數(shù)以o結尾的詞,變復數(shù)時只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
、垡暂o音字母加y結尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe結尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不規(guī)則變化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時,要用有關計量名詞。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格:
1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關系,相當于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構成法
如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加?s。如:Childern‘s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結尾的復數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加?。如:Teachers‘ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加‘s. 如: newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中國的人口).
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關系。
如:
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
2、[注解]:
、 ’s還可以表示某人的家或者某個店鋪,如:my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(診所) ② 兩人共有某物時,可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
、 “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father‘s(我
父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數(shù)的一致問題:
1、和謂語基本保持單復數(shù)的一致,即:主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞
用單數(shù)形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計算機是個了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時,
、 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
、 如果表示其中的所有成員時,則謂語用復數(shù)形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個時謂語用單數(shù),表示許多時,謂語用復
數(shù)。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結尾,但不是復數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù):The news is very exciting.
(這個消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復數(shù)形式,故謂語用復數(shù)。如: The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復數(shù)時謂語用復數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時謂語用單數(shù)形式。 baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學生在打壘球) wasted on that work.(大量的時間花在了那個工作上)(被動句)
7、and 連接兩個名詞做主語時,謂語原則上用復數(shù),但是兩個名詞若構成一個整體事物時,
謂語則用單數(shù)。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯條是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個事物做主語時,謂語一般用復數(shù)。如: required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時,謂語單復數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如:A woman with a . (一名婦女帶著一個七歲的孩子(當時)就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個人物做句子主語時,謂語采用就近原則。如:(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個人是對的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時間或長度概念的復數(shù)名詞做主語時,謂語一般用單數(shù)。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個月不是個短時間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當長的一段距離)
13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時,謂語的單復數(shù)由名 詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學生的.三分之一(當時)正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況: What‘(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復數(shù))
5、部分名詞用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別:sport通常指“戶外運動”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運動、比賽”,不管戶內戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負為主的運動;match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如:People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜愛運動) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運會將在北京舉行)(被動句) / Our school football team won the league (聯(lián)賽).(我們學校足球隊取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They (湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別:festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時間的文娛活動;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風俗習慣,復數(shù)可以表示一個較長的假期;vacation“假期”,指學習或工作中一段長時間的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別:journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進行的長途旅行,不知終點,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強調游覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your (旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因為感冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題:指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單復數(shù)相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時是不可數(shù)名詞。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
三、代詞:
1、代詞的分類:英語中代詞分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他!)
2、賓格用來作及物動詞或者介詞的賓語。如:Who teach your English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)
3、人稱代詞作表語或者放在比較狀語從句連詞than或as之后時,可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如:--Who is it?(是誰?) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三個不同人稱同時出現(xiàn),或者主語中包含“我”時,按照“you→he→I”的順序表達。如: .(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒?) –.(你和我)
5、 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動名詞或者名詞性從句。如:--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣?)—It‘s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What‘s the time?(幾點啦?) –It‘s 12:00.(12點) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好長的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時候能進入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺要學好一門外語是非常困難的)
3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)
2、名詞性物主代詞相當于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關系,在句子中往往獨立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不可以跟名詞。如:
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒?) / Your .(你們的教室很大,我們的相當小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時放在名詞的后面。如:
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個朋友昨天來看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個來看我。)
[試比較] .(我的朋友昨天來看我了)(指我的那個特定的朋友來看我。)
4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那會割傷你的)
2、在句子中作同位語表示強調(即用來強調名詞或代詞的語氣)。如:
Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)
初中英語語法總結5
規(guī)則變化
范圍 變化規(guī)則 例詞
大部分形容詞 加ly careless----carelessly
quiet----quietly
different----differently
輔音加le結尾的形容詞 變le為ly possible----possibly
terrible----terribly
comfortable----comfortably
gentle----gently
simple----simply
whole-wholly(例外)
元音字母加le結尾的形容詞 加ly sole-solely
以y結尾且讀音為 / i /結尾的形容詞 變le為ly easy----easily angry----angrily
noisy----noisily happy----happily
heavy----heavily healthy----healthily
以y結尾且讀音為 / ei /結尾的的形容詞 加ly shy-shyly
dry-dryly
gay--gayly/gaily
不規(guī)則變化
本身既是形容詞也是副詞,無需改變 fast----fast
early----early
high----high
hard----hard
late----late
far----far
wide----wide
alone----alone
形容詞和副詞為完全不同的單詞 good----well
初中階段唯一一個需要去掉字母e的單詞 true----truly
雖然以ly結尾,但卻是形容詞,不能直接用來修飾動詞 friendly
lively
lovely
lonely
Likely
有些形容詞本身即為副詞,同時也有加ly的副詞形式。但加不加ly意思不一樣,使用時需注意
wide(形容詞,寬闊的,睜大的)----wide(副詞,睜大地)/widely(副詞,廣泛地),late(形容詞,晚的)-----late(副詞,晚地),lately(最近)
high(形容詞,高的.)----high(副詞,高地)/highly(副詞,高度地)
特別容易犯錯的副詞
形容詞 副詞 備注
hard hard hard副詞容易寫成hardly, hardly意思為“幾乎不”,與hard無任何關系
friendly 無 不能用friendly直接修飾動詞,只能改成in a friendly way“用一種友好的方式”。如:
He smiled at me in a friendly way.
excited excitedly 容易拼錯
healthy healthily 容易拼錯
polite politely 不用去掉字母e。類似的詞還有:widely, nicely, closely,
初中英語語法總結6
在英語中,to一詞用法及其靈活。除了常見“to do”結構外,to還有介詞和副詞的用法。但我們大都是聽過記憶類似“be devoted to
doing”這種所謂的固定搭配學習,卻不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中,to的含義具體分別如下:
1. 向,對著(某方向或某處):He walked to the school.他朝學校走去。
2. 位于…方向:There are many buildings to the north of mountains.
山北面坐落著很多樓房。
3. 到,達(某處):Her long hair fell to the ground.她的長發(fā)垂到地上。
4. 到,達(某狀態(tài)):He always tries to work to perfection. 他總是努力將工作做到完美。
5. 至(表示范圍或一段時間的'結尾或界限):The museum is open from 9:00 to
17:00.博物館開放時間為9:00到17:00。
6. 差,離:It is ten to ten. 現(xiàn)在是十點差十分。(9:50)
7. 給(引出接受者):My mother gave a birthday present to me. 媽媽送我生日禮物。
8. 對于,關于(引出受事者):What have done to the little boy? 你對這個小男孩做了什么?
9. 表示兩件事物相接:The printer is connected to the computer. 打印機與電腦相連。
10. 屬于,歸于(表示兩事物或兩人之間的關系):the key to the door門的鑰匙
11. 指向:Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主義是對和平的威脅。
12. 表示引出比較的第二部分:
My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步,媽媽更喜歡游泳。
China won the game by six goals to two.中國以六比二贏得比賽。
13. 等于,每(表示數(shù)量或比率):There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分鐘六十秒。
14. 向…表示敬意:
We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.
我們將為地震中犧牲的戰(zhàn)士修建紀念碑。
15. 伴隨:Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人隨音樂換新起舞。
16. 為了給(用于表示動作的動詞后):The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸沖過去。
17. 適合,致使:To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我驚訝的是,杰克竟能通過考試。
18. 按照…看法:To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 對我而言,對錯都不重要。
以上是to 作為介詞的主要用法,另外,to用作副詞還有“關著”之意:
1. Please push the door to. 請推門關上。
2. to and fro 來來回回:He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the
room.他難以冷靜下來,在房里走來走去。
初中英語語法總結7
代詞是代替名詞或起名詞作用的短語或句子的詞。英語中的代詞,按其意義、特征及其在句中的作用分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和關系代詞九類。
03-3反身代詞
反身代詞的概念與形式
表示“我自己,你自己,他(她、它)自己,我們自己,你們自己,他們自己”的代詞稱為反身代詞。第一、二人稱是在形容詞性物主代詞后加self或selves構成,第三人稱是在人稱代詞賓格后加self或selves構成。
反身代詞用法4注意
(1)反身代詞作動詞賓語,經(jīng)常用在下列動詞后構成固定詞組。enjoy oneself玩得開心,過得愉快;teach oneself自學;hurt
oneself傷著自己;introduce oneself to sb.向某人作自我介紹;dress
oneself給自己穿衣服。反身代詞還可以用在to,for,by,of,like等介詞后作介詞的賓語。如
He is talking to himself.他在自言自語。
You must look after yourself and keep healthy.你必須照顧好自己,保持健康。
She taught herself English.她自學英語。
(2)反身代詞作主語或賓語的同位語,起強調主語或賓語的.作用,譯為“本身、本人、親自”等。如
Did you make the cake yourself?這蛋糕是你親自做的嗎?(yourself作主語you的同位語)
He himself was a doctor.他本人是個醫(yī)生。(himself作主語he的同位語)
The work itself isn't difficult.那項工作本身并不難。(itself做主語work的同位語)
(3)反身代詞用在be,feel,look,seem等連系動詞后作表語,表示身體或精神狀態(tài)處于正常。如I'm not myself
today.我今天感覺不舒服。
He is feeling himself again.他覺得自己健康如初。
(4)反身代詞還用于一些固定詞組或簡短會話中。如
Help yourself to some meat.請隨便吃些肉吧。
Make yourself at home.別客氣。
注意
反身代詞在句子中要與句子的人稱和數(shù)保持一致,切不可隨意使用。如He didn't often go to look for food
himself.他自己不經(jīng)常去尋找食物。
【中考速遞】
[吉林中考考題] Last month,I went to the computer museum with my parents.We
enjoyed _____ and learned a lot.
A.us B.ourselves C.our
[四川達州中考考題] — Would you please come to play soccer with me?
— Sorry!My 5-year-old brother can't look after _____.
A.him B.himself C.his D.he
[四川成都中考考題] It's true that we are not born for _____.
A.us B.ours C.ourselves
[四川成都中考考題] — Liu Mei can speak Japanese so well!Who taught her?
— Nobody.She taught _____.
A.her B.hers C.herself
【答案點撥】
答案B句意“上個月,我和父母一起去了計算機博物館,我們玩得很開心還學到了許多!眅njoy
oneself意為“玩得開心;過得愉快”,故選B。
答案B句意“你能來和我一起踢足球嗎?”“很抱歉!我五歲的弟弟不能照顧自己。”主語My 5-year-old
brother與介詞after后的賓語為同一人,用反身代詞himself表示“他自己”。故選B。
答案C句意我們不是為自己而生,這是真的。強調某人自己,用反身代詞。故選C。
答案C句意“劉梅日語說得這么好,誰教的她啊?”“沒人,她自學的。”teach oneself是固定短語,意為“自學”,故選C。
初中英語語法總結8
冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨使用,也沒有詞義,它用在名詞的前面幫助指明名詞的含義。冠詞分為不定冠詞a(an)和定冠詞the兩種。不定冠詞僅用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面,表示“一”的意義,但不強調數(shù)目觀念,只表示名詞為不特定者。定冠詞則表示名詞為特定者,表示“這”、“那”、“這些”、“那些”的意思,在可數(shù)的`單復數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前面都可以用。
I不定冠詞
We need an apple and a knife.
我們需要一個蘋果和一把刀子。
1.a和an的區(qū)別
不定冠詞有a[+]和an[+Q]兩種形式,a用于輔音(不是輔音字母)開頭的詞前。an用于元音(不是元音字母)開頭的詞前。
a boy, a university, a European country
u是元音字母,但發(fā)音是[U(],是輔音。
an hour,an honor,an island
h是輔音字母,但它不發(fā)音,它的音標是是元音。
an elephant,an umbrella,an egg
2(1)不定冠詞的用法
、俜褐浮惾嘶蛭。
eg. This is a pencil case.
、谥覆痪唧w的某個人或物。
eg. I met an old man On my way home.
、塾迷谛驍(shù)詞前,相當于another.
eg. There’s a third boy near the shop.
、鼙硎尽懊俊(個)”,相當于every.
eg. They have music lessons twice a week.
必背!
give a lesson take a bath have a rest
教(一堂)課洗(個)澡休息
have a talk have a fever have a good time
聽報告發(fā)燒過得愉快
have(take)a walk have a headache have a nice trip
散步頭疼旅途愉快
a lot of, a lot, a little, a few, a glass of, such a/an, have a word with, have a look, have a try, have a swim, a quarter, half an hour, three times a day, have a talk, give a talk, ten Yuan a kilo
(2)不定冠詞的位置
、俨欢ü谠~—般放在所修飾的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。
eg, a bike, an egg
、诋斆~被such, what, many修飾時,不定冠詞放在這些詞之后。
eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.
What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
③當名詞前的形容詞前有so, how, too等詞時,不定冠詞應放在形容詞之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
How nice a film this is!
、墚斆~前面有形容詞和quite, rather, very時,不定冠詞放在quite, rather之后,very之前。
eg.It is quite a good book.
That is rather a useful too1.
This is a very interesting story.
初中英語語法總結9
一、一般時態(tài)
1、一般現(xiàn)在時
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時表示沒有時限的持久存在的動作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),常和副詞usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week等連用。例如:
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment以及if,unless等引導的時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中,通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。例如:
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的動詞,可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作,這類動詞有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave等。例如:
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as等引導的從句中,也常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。例如:
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般過去時
(1)表示過去某一特定時間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動作或狀態(tài),常與表示確切過去時間的詞、短語或從句連用。例如:
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示過去習慣性動作。例如:
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意與be used to doing短語的區(qū)別)
3.一般將來時
1)表示將來打算進行或期待發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。例如:
I shall graduate next year.
2)幾種替代形式:
1)be going to +v在口語中廣泛使用,表示準備做或將發(fā)生的事情。例如:
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示計劃安排要做的事,具有“必要”的強制性意義。例如:
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如:
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示預先確定了的事,必定發(fā)生的事。例如:
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing強調即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如:
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home
二、進行時態(tài)
1.現(xiàn)在進行時
(1)表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作,常與now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等連用。例如:
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作,常與always,continually,forever,constantly等連用。例如:
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根據(jù)計劃或安排在最近要進行的事情。具有這種語法功能的動詞僅限于過渡性動詞。即表示從一個狀態(tài)或位置轉移到另一個狀態(tài)或位置上去的動詞。常用的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等。例如:
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些動詞不能用進行時,這是一類表示“感覺,感情,存在,從屬”等的動詞。如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感覺的詞);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的動詞);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在狀態(tài)的動詞);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有與從屬的動詞);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的動詞)。但是如果它們詞義改變,便也可用進行時態(tài)。例如:
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此為聯(lián)系動詞,意為“顯得,看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此為實義動詞,意為“尋找”)
2.過去進行時
過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發(fā)生時或發(fā)生后,另一個過去的動作正在進行,或表示過去反復的習慣,常與always,continually,constantly等動詞連用。例如:
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.將來進行時
將來進行時主要表示將來某一時刻正在進行的動作,或表示要在將來某一時刻開始,并繼續(xù)下去的動作。常用來表示禮貌的詢問、請求等。例如:
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成進行時
(現(xiàn)在、過去、將來)完成進行時是(現(xiàn)在、過去、將來)完成時的強調形式,將放在完成時態(tài)部分講述。
三、完成時態(tài)
完成時態(tài)通常表示已完成或從事的動作。它可分為:
1.現(xiàn)在完成時
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示對目前狀況仍有影響的,剛剛完成的動作(常與yet,already,just連用),或者過去某一時刻發(fā)生的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況(常與for,since連用)。例如:
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語有:since, for, during, over等引導出的短語;副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;狀語詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如:
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成時態(tài)可用在下列結構中:
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定語從句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語從句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級+ n +定語從句。如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的謂語動詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時;如果主句謂語動詞是一般過去時,從句謂語動詞通常用過去完成時。例如:
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.過去完成時
(1)表示過去某時間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或情況,這個過去的時間可以用by,before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示;或者表示一個動作在另一個過去動作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如:
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)動詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時,表示過去的希望、預期、意圖或愿望等沒有實現(xiàn)。例如:
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外兩種表示“過去想做而未做的事”的表達方式是:
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如:
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如:
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)過去完成時常用于以下固定句型:
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時+ when + 過去時。例如:
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +過去完成時+ than +過去時。例如:
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +過去時間,主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如:
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.將來完成時
將來完成時表示在將來某一時刻將完成或在另一個未來的動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動作;也可以用來表示一種猜測。常與將來完成時連用的時間狀語有:by (the time / the end of ) +表示將來時間的短語和句子;before (the end of ) +表示將來時間的詞語或句子;when, after等加上表示將來動作的句子等。例如:
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成進行時
完成進行時是完成時的強調形式,有現(xiàn)在完成進行時,過去完成進行時,將來完成進行時。
(1)現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如:
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)過去完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如:
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)將來完成進行時表示在將來某一時刻之前開始的一個動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來某一時刻。例如:
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四:時態(tài)一致
時態(tài)一致是英語四、六級考試的一個重要內容。通常應由主句謂語的時態(tài)決定從句的謂語時態(tài)。一般原則是:
1、當主句謂語使用現(xiàn)在時或將來時,從句的謂語根據(jù)具體情況使用任何時態(tài)
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、當主句謂語使用過去時的時候,從句的謂語必須使用過去范圍的時態(tài)
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、當從句是表示沒有時間概念的真理時,從句的謂語應使用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如:
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注:在此種情況下,即使主句謂語用了過去式的各種時態(tài),從句謂語也應用一般現(xiàn)在時。
4、從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣的情況
利用時態(tài)一致原則確定從句動詞時態(tài)時,還應注意,若主語動詞是表示命令、請求、要求、建議、勸告等的動詞,從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣,不能遵循時態(tài)一致原則。例如:
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
動詞的語態(tài)
語態(tài)也是動詞的`一種形式,英語有兩種語態(tài):主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者,而被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主動語態(tài))
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被動語態(tài))
1.不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞和短語
(1)在英語中,不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài),但有些不及物動詞(包括短語)容易引起誤用。如:appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動詞,如:become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動語態(tài)。
2.被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)形式
常用的被動語態(tài)有表1所列的幾種時態(tài)形式。
SPAN> 一般時 進行時 完成時
現(xiàn)在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
過去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
將來 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
過去 should be asked should have been asked
將來 would be asked would have been asked
3.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)
短語動詞轉換為被動語態(tài)時,通常被看作是一個動詞,后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如:
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分詞”的被動語態(tài)
“get + -ed分詞”結構強調動作的結果,而非動作本身,常用來表示突發(fā)性的,出乎意料的偶然事件。例如:
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外,“get + -ed分詞”還可用于談論為自己做的事,是主動的行為而不是被動的行為。例如:
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(離婚)
get engaged(訂婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗臉)
get married(結婚)
5.能帶兩個賓語和復合賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)
(1)能帶兩個賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時,一次只能由一個賓語作主語,另一個賓語被保留下來。例如:
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主動語態(tài))
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被動語態(tài))
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被動語態(tài))
(2)能帶復合賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時,原來的賓語補足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語。例如:
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主動語態(tài))
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被動語態(tài))
6.被動語態(tài)與系表結構的區(qū)別
(1)The novel was well written.(系表結構)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被動語態(tài))
7.少數(shù)動詞的主動語態(tài)有時有被動的意思
例1:The book is selling remarkably well.
例2:The song sounds very beautiful.
能這樣用的動詞還有read(讀起來),clean(擦起來),wash(洗起來),write(寫起來)。
例3:My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need這樣用的動詞還有:want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4:The meat is cooking.
例5:The book written by the professor is printing.
初中英語語法總結10
【—need】didn't need to do的意思是過去不必做某事, 事實上也沒做。而needn't have done則表示過去不必做某事, 但事實上做了。
初中英語語法大全:need "不必做"和"本不該做"
didn't need to do表示: 過去不必做某事, 事實上也沒做。.
needn't have done表示: 過去不必做某事, 但事實上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗,所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗,所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家,沒有遇上John的車。)
典型例題
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意為 "本不必",即已經(jīng)做了某事,而時實際上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正確,對過去發(fā)生的.事情進行否定性推斷應為couldn't have done, "不可能已經(jīng)"。 must not do 不可以(用于一般現(xiàn)在時)。
初中英語語法總結11
不定式的基本形式與結構
動詞不定式指通常由to加上動詞原形(如to write)所構成的一種非限定性動詞形式,但在有些情況下to可以省略。
動詞不定式有進行體和完成體(如上to be writing,to have written),也有被動態(tài)(如to be written),所有的主動詞,不論是及物動詞還是不及物動詞,也不論是動作動詞還是狀態(tài)動詞,都有不定式形式。助動詞除be和have外,沒有不定式形式。動詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語。
不定式的用法
1)不定式結構作主語
Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在上述情況下,如果不定式較長,顯得頭重腳輕,則可由代詞讓作形式主語(形式主語it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替),而將不定式放到后面。如It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.
不定式結構所表示的動作是誰做的,即不定式的邏輯主語,通?梢酝ㄟ^for sb.to do sth.結構表達It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容詞(如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind,naughty,nice,silly,stupid等)作表語時,不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.
2)不定式作賓語
不定式作賓語有兩種一種是及物動詞后直接跟帶to的不定式,另一種是“及物動詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式。
及物動詞+帶to的'不定式結構:只能跟動詞不定式的動詞,常見的有:afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear,undertake,want,wish等。
He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
動詞+疑問代(副)詞+不定式這類動詞常見的有advise,decide,find out,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,regard初中英語語法總結,remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder等。
常見的疑問代(副)詞有:what,when,where,which,how,whether等。
He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.
I will show you how to deal with it.
有時,不定式可由it代替,而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結構表達動詞(如find,think,consider,feel等)+it+形容詞+不定式。She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
初中英語語法總結12
I.要點
表示說的話不是事實,或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況,而是一種愿望、建議或與事實相反的假設等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。
1、虛擬語氣的構成
如:與現(xiàn)在事實相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
與過去事實相反:
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
與將來事實相反:
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (條件從句謂語動詞用were to +動詞原形,表示下雨的可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加強表示“當初沒想到以后的事”)
注:
(1)如果條件從句謂語動詞包含有were或had, should, could有時可將if省去,但要倒裝。如:
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合時間條件句的用法:
有時條件從句的動作和主句動作發(fā)生的時間不一致。這時動詞的形式,應根據(jù)它所要表達的具體時間來決定用什么形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(從句敘述過去,主句敘述現(xiàn)在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現(xiàn)在,從句敘述過去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他狀語從句中的用法
主要用于由as if (as though)引導的.比較狀語從句,從句中謂語動詞一般用“動詞的過去式(be變were )或had +過去分詞!比纾
She looked as if she were ill.(實際上她沒有病,在這里用虛擬語氣補語比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這里用虛擬語氣表現(xiàn)他的英語說得好)
2、虛擬語氣在各種從句的應用
(1)在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、惋惜、理應如此等,其謂語形式是"should(可省) +動詞原形",常用于以下三種句型中。
句型一:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二:It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三:It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如:It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2)在賓語從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動詞后的賓語從句中,表間接的命令和建議。其謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如:
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(3)在表語從句中,表示間接的命令,要求、請求、建議、決定等,主句中的主語通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如:
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(4)在同位語從句中,謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如:
We received order that the work be done at once.
(5)在It is time that…句型中,其謂語動詞形式是"動詞的過去式"或"should +動詞原形",should不可省。如:
It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
初中英語語法總結13
常用動詞注意事薦
動詞注意點
一、主動表被動的情況
感觀系動詞,look, seem, sound, feel, smell, taste等
eg. The fish tastes nice.
measure, weigh等表示度量的動詞。
eg. The elephant weights nearly a ton.
wash, clean, open, sell, read, last, write, steer等不及物動詞可以表示被動意義。eg. The ship steer easily.
二、被動句表示主動含義。
She was dressed in a red skirt.
此類動詞常見于dress, seat, devote, adapt, accustom等后面可以接反身代詞的動詞。
二、時態(tài),語態(tài)
用進行時表示一種情緒。
She is always helping others.(表贊揚)
The man is always smoking in the office, which offends others very much.
一般過去時表示某一動作已完成,過去進行時表示動作可能未完成。
He wrote a letter yesterday morning.(信已寫完)
He was writing a letter yesterday evening. (信可能還未寫完)
現(xiàn)在完成時可表示動作持續(xù)至今,一般過去時則表示動作已結束,并不強調對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。
I have lived in this street.(我一直住這條街上)
I lived in this street.(我曾住在這條街上)
表示幾個連續(xù)動作時,盡管有先后,仍要用相同時態(tài)。
He came into the classroom, put down the book and wrote a few words on the blackboard.
在條件和時間狀語從句中常用一般時表示將來。
敘述過去發(fā)生的某件事情常用一般過去時,表示過去某個時間或動作之后發(fā)生的事情才用過去將來時,過去某個時刻/段內正發(fā)生的事情,才用過去進行時,過去某個時間或動作之前發(fā)生的.事情才用過去完成時。因此找準時間的參照點,是正確運用時態(tài)的關鍵。
羅列并熟記各種時態(tài)的被動形式。
三.動詞的類別與特征中的注意點
兼作Vt., Vi.的動詞
(1)對兼作Vt., Vi.的動詞,要注意根據(jù)不同的情況選擇使用。
The children are flying their kites in the square.( Vt.)
We saw a plane flying high up in the sky.( Vi.)
(2)有些動詞后跟從句時為Vt.,其它情況為Vi.,但意義基本不變。典型的有wonder, think, insist, agree,等。
The headmaster insisted that the students should wear school uniforms .
The headmaster insisted on the students wearing school uniforms.
(3)有些動詞在Vt. Vi.之間,意義有所不同。如run, stand, lie等
She stood alone under the tree.
I can’t stand such cold weather.
常用的雙賓動詞有give, teach, lend, bring, explain, send, offer, pay, sell, buy, tell, show, write, ask, wish, read等,這些動詞都帶有一定的趨向性。因此轉換成帶介詞的情況時,?捎胒or , to來轉換。
注意explain sth. to sb.=explain to sb. sth., describe sth. to sb.=describe to sb. sth.
帶賓補的動詞,注意賓補的邏輯主語是動詞賓語
賓補常是名詞、形容詞、介詞短語,副詞和非謂語動詞等。常見的此類動詞有make, have, let, get, keep, find, see, feel, notice等,但要注意不同的動詞有不同的接法。
He kept the children (keep不能用不定式作賓補)
Make…do, have…do/doing/done,get…to do/done, find…doing/done, leave…to do/doing/介詞短語/ see…doing/do/done
后面常接-ing的動詞及短語suggest, finish, avoid, can’t help, mind, need, enjoy, require, postpone, delay, practice, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, admit, endure, escape, miss, appreciate, dislike, have a good time doing, put off, call off, give up
有些動詞后面接to do和-ing時意義基本相同,而有的則完全不同,要注意
Love, like, hate, forget, remember, stop, begin, start, continue, prefer, regret, intend, mean, want, need, require, neglect, try, deserve, can’t bear等
注意狀態(tài)動詞和動態(tài)動詞的選用
Mother asked the son to notice his manners at the party. (notice就改為mind)
再如listen/hear, look/see, look for/find, advise/persuade, marry/be married, join/be in等。
注意have表“有”時,及系動詞一般不能用進行時態(tài)。
注意表示“有”時,have與there be的選用
注意動詞詞組分類(見),尤其要注意各類動詞詞組的使用特點及有的動詞詞組的主被動轉換使用。
Make use of sth→sth is made use of(介詞不要掉了)/use is made of sth.
10.Hope, intend, expect, plan, want, think, mean等動詞用過去完成時表示沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望,計劃,打算等。
初中英語語法總結14
介詞又叫前置詞,在句子中不能單獨使用,總是與其后面的名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞一起構成介詞短語,表達多種不同的意義。
介詞具有以下3大特點:
1、介詞后面的.詞作介詞的賓語,被稱作介詞賓語。
2、介詞后面的代詞需用賓格形式。
3、介詞后面的動詞要用動名詞形式。
介詞的用法
介詞不能單獨使用,介詞和介詞的賓語一起構成介詞短語,在句中作主語、表語、補足語、定語、狀語、插入語。介詞短語有6種基本用法。
作主語
介詞短語作主語,位于句子開頭。
From Shanghai to Beijing is about 2 hours' flight.從上海到北京要飛大約4個小時。
注意介詞短語作主語,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
作定語
介詞短語作定語,放在所修飾的詞的后面,作后置定語。
The girl in red is my sister.穿紅衣服的那個女孩是我妹妹。
作表語
介詞短語作表語,放在連系動詞的后面。
Our English teacher is in the office .我們的英語老師在辦公室。
She looks like her mother .她看上去像她媽媽。
作賓語補足語
介詞短語作賓語補足語,放在賓語的后面補充說明賓語是什么或怎么樣。
I always find her at her studies .我總是發(fā)現(xiàn)她在學習。
When she woke up,she found herself in hospital .當她醒來時,她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己躺在醫(yī)院里。
作狀語
介詞短語作狀語,大都位于句末,有時也位于句子開頭,表示時間、地點、方式、原因、目的等。
Can you sing this song in English ?你會用英語唱這首歌嗎?(方式狀語)
I'll meet you at your school gate .我將在你們學校門口接你。(地點狀語)
I was playing computer games at eight this morning.今天上午8點我在玩電腦游戲。(時間狀語)
Because of the traffic ,I was late for class.因為交通原因我上課遲到了。(原因狀語)
作插入語
介詞短語作插入語,位于句首或句中。
He was too careless;in a word ,he made too manymistakes.他太粗心,總之,他出的錯太多。
初中英語語法總結15
一.英語語法重點與難點
1、 as…as…結構:你和湯姆是一樣好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to與 so…that sb. can’t…的句型轉換:前者為簡單句,主語只有一個,而后者為復合句,主語有兩個,試比較:
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…與 not enough to句型的轉換:
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容詞原級表示比較級含義:
約翰不象邁克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比較級表示最高級:約翰是班里最高的'男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越來……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二.中考考點—詞組
1. after, in 這兩個介詞都可以表示“……(時間)以后”的意思
after 以過去為起點,表示過去一段時間之后,常用于過去時態(tài)的句子中?
如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的
in 以現(xiàn)在為起點,表將來一段時間以后,常用于將來時態(tài)的句子中
如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多長時間,主要用來對一段時間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問?如:How long ago was it?
這是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用來對頻率副詞或狀語(如once a week等)提問?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久來一次?每月一次。
how soon指再過多久,主要用來對表示將來的一段時間(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提問?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能趕來?
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