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考研閱讀理解Part A命題規(guī)律與答題技巧：（二）
二)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的特點(diǎn)、種類及題干表現(xiàn)形式
事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題在閱讀理解題中占很大比重，而且也較簡(jiǎn)單，是拿分的部分。針對(duì)文章事實(shí)和有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)提問(wèn)的題型有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，即：所提問(wèn)題一般可以在文章中直接或間接找到答案。但正確選項(xiàng)不可能與閱讀材料的原句一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型表達(dá)相同的意思。命題人在改變語(yǔ)句的形式時(shí)慣用的方式有四種，即：簡(jiǎn)化語(yǔ)言，正話反說(shuō)，反話正說(shuō)和關(guān)鍵詞替換。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題包括：
1）直接事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題：指利用詞性變換，同義、近義詞替換等手段考查對(duì)原文細(xì)節(jié)信息的正確理解的試題，如原文肯定的表達(dá)換成否定的；正面與反面表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)換；原因與結(jié)果的轉(zhuǎn)換；條件與目的的轉(zhuǎn)換等。
2）間接事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題：指隱含的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，考查對(duì)文章展示的細(xì)節(jié)的綜合概括能力，要求考生不僅讀懂關(guān)鍵詞的意思，還能體味言外之意。
3）排除式結(jié)構(gòu)：找出原文提及或未提及的內(nèi)容，一一排除，對(duì)號(hào)入座。排除式結(jié)構(gòu)的形式是從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)種選擇一個(gè)正確或不正確、提及或未提及的信息，還可進(jìn)一步劃分為三誤一正題和三正一誤題兩種。
4）例證題：指考查對(duì)列舉與舉例關(guān)系的理解的試題。
事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題通常用what, which, why, who, when, how, how many, because, cause, reason, result, mention, not mention, true, not true 等詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)。如：
(1)According to the passage, who (what/ where/ which/ when/ why/ how/ etc.) ...?
(2)The study shows that ____.
(3)From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ____.
(4)....is revealed in the fact that...
(5)The author argues...because ____.
(6)According to the passage, ____.
(7)As a result of ..., ... in that ____.
(8)The real cause of ... is that ____.
(9)The direct/main reason for ...is that ____.
(10)...resulted in ____.
(11)Which of the following is incorrect/ not mentioned/not included?
(12)Which of the following statements is true/false according to the text?
(13)All of the following are (not) true/are (not) mentioned except ____.
(14)The author mentions all of the items listed below except ____.
(15)The writer wants to prove with example of...that ____.
(16)The example of ...is used to ____.
(17)The writer mentions the case of...to justify ____.
(18)The author uses the phrase/expression "..." to illustrate .
(19)What does the example of ... show/illustrate?
(20) The author gives the two examples in Para.2 to show ____.
2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的命題規(guī)律
1) 列舉處�？迹毫信e處指有并列詞出現(xiàn)的部分。要求考生從列舉的內(nèi)容中，選出符合題目要求的答案。列舉可以采用數(shù)字排序，也可以采用排比句的方式。
2) 舉例子與打比方的地方常考：文章中作者為了論證自己的觀點(diǎn)，常常采用舉例子或者打比方的方式來(lái)證明�？忌鷳�(yīng)充分重視和理解這些例子和比喻。
3) （指示）代詞�？迹捍~常常指代上下文中的某些人物、事件，常用來(lái)考查考生是否真正理解上下文之間的語(yǔ)義和邏輯關(guān)系。
4) 表示轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、因果等關(guān)系的副詞和連詞處常考：這些副詞和連詞對(duì)理解文章前后的內(nèi)容和關(guān)系起著重要作用，如：thus, therefore, however, moreover等，在看到它們時(shí)就應(yīng)該注意前后的句子。
5) 引言處�？迹鹤髡邽榱耸棺约旱挠^點(diǎn)更有說(shuō)服力，常常引用某些名人的名言或者權(quán)威人士的論斷來(lái)加重語(yǔ)氣，引起讀者注意。
6) 特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)處�？迹禾厥鈽�(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)通常是對(duì)其前后內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步解釋或說(shuō)明，如：破折號(hào)、括號(hào)、冒號(hào)、引號(hào)等。
3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項(xiàng)與正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
1）干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：
A 照抄部分原文信息；
B 含有原文中沒(méi)有的內(nèi)容；
C 與原文相矛盾的內(nèi)容；
D 張冠李戴的內(nèi)容(把A的特征加在B上)；
E 偷梁換柱的內(nèi)容：與原文內(nèi)容一半相同一半不同，即選項(xiàng)仍用文章中的句法結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分詞匯，但換了幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞造成意思上的改變。
F 與原句內(nèi)容相似但過(guò)于絕對(duì)化。
2）正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：
A 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題中，一般照抄原文的不是正確答案，而同義替換的是正確選項(xiàng)。
B 排除式題型：?jiǎn)栠x項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)正確(包括在內(nèi))或錯(cuò)誤(不包括在內(nèi))的題。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，含有一些概括性太強(qiáng)的詞(如：only, everything, all, none, must, never, always, too, so, alone, everyone, entirely, absolute, mainly, any, have to, no, very, completely, hardly, the most等)的選項(xiàng)都是錯(cuò)誤的。而含有不肯定詞：some, sometimes, certain, someone, more...than, (not) as...as, less等的選項(xiàng)往往正確。
C 這類題的答案往往在兩個(gè)意義相近或相反的選項(xiàng)中。
4. 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的答題技巧例解
解答此類題時(shí)，考生需要先抓住問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞，然后迅速回到文章中找到這一細(xì)節(jié)，再把細(xì)節(jié)所在段落仔細(xì)閱讀一遍，與所給選項(xiàng)核對(duì)、分析、判斷，得出正確答案。
1）若針對(duì)特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)(破折號(hào)、引號(hào)、冒號(hào))、舉例子、名人名言出題，只需閱讀符號(hào)、例子、名言前后的內(nèi)容，然后與選項(xiàng)核對(duì)。例如：
The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much large pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth's climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future — even without the influence of human activity.
Q: Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ____.
[A] human activities have accelerated changes of Earth’s environment
[B] Earth's environment will remain mild despite human interference
[C] Earth's climate is bound to change significantly in the future
[D] Earth's climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future
答案是[C]。題干是說(shuō)以往的氣候變化表明了什么，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都與人類活動(dòng)有關(guān)，迅速回到文中最后一段(上文)破折號(hào)后面—even without the influence of human activity, 意即即使沒(méi)有人類活動(dòng)的影響，表明氣候變化與人類活動(dòng)聯(lián)系不大；破折號(hào)前Earth's climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future, 意即未來(lái)全球氣候肯定會(huì)劇烈變化。綜合破折號(hào)前后得出未來(lái)全球氣候?qū)?huì)劇烈變化。
2）在出現(xiàn)一些關(guān)鍵詞，如however, but, moreover, therefore, thus時(shí)，要特別注意句子前后意義的轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、因果等關(guān)系。例如：
Not too many decades ago it seemed that "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changes people's natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin (親戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has reveals that the "obvious" is not true.
It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident at a smaller community. But, for the most part this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.
Q: Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first paragraph?
[A]Two contrasting views are presented.
[B]An argument is examined and possible solutions given.
[C]Research results concerning the quality of urban life are presented in order of time.
[D]A detailed deion of the difference between urban and small-town life is given.
答案是[A]。題目問(wèn)哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)恰當(dāng)?shù)孛枋隽说谝欢?上文)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。[A]提供了兩種相對(duì)比的觀點(diǎn)。閱讀第一段發(fā)現(xiàn)，前一部分講過(guò)去人們認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代社會(huì)割裂了人與人之間的自然聯(lián)系，后面講最新的研究表明這個(gè)論斷并不正確。However引導(dǎo)的是并列成分，因而答案要兼顧兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。[B]只提到了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)及解決方案；[C]只提到一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)；[D]有迷惑性，說(shuō)關(guān)于城市與城鎮(zhèn)生活不同之處的詳細(xì)描述，但問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是組織結(jié)構(gòu)，顯然[A]兩種互相對(duì)比的觀點(diǎn)為正確答案。
3）事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的答案一般是同義替換項(xiàng)或者同義轉(zhuǎn)換項(xiàng)。例如：
Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT therapists would have to sit down for independent
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