句首動(dòng)詞命題透視
動(dòng)詞用法多,形式變化靈活,句首動(dòng)詞形式的選用更是令許多考生感到困惑。本文擬結(jié)合近年高考試題全方位透視句首動(dòng)詞形式的命題特點(diǎn),希望能給同學(xué)們一些幫助。一、句首使用動(dòng)詞原形
此類題目多通過(guò)特定句式、固定結(jié)構(gòu)考查動(dòng)詞的形式。近年高考考查的重點(diǎn)多為動(dòng)詞原形開(kāi)頭的祈使句或“祈使句+and/or+陳述句”句型。
1. —What should I do with this passage?
—_____ the main idea of each paragraph. (2005重慶卷)
A. Finding out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out
析:該句省略了主語(yǔ),復(fù)原后整個(gè)句子應(yīng)為:You should find out the main idea of each paragraph.正確答案為C。
2. —English has a large vocabulary, hasn't it?
—Yes. ______ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate. (2004上海卷)
A. Know B. Knowing
C. To know D. Known
析:根據(jù)題意和結(jié)構(gòu)可知,該題考查“祈使句+and+陳述句”句型,故首空應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞原形。答案為A。
二、句首使用to-v短語(yǔ)形式
置于句首的to-v短語(yǔ)形式常作目的狀語(yǔ),其后使用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)一個(gè)完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)(作目的狀語(yǔ)的to-v短語(yǔ)放在句后也可以)。注意:若v-to形式表示的動(dòng)作為句子的主語(yǔ)所承受,則需使用被動(dòng)式。
______ late in the afternoon,Bob turned off the alarm.(2001北京春季卷)
A. To sleep
B. Sleeping
C. Sleep
D. Having slept
析:從整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)上看,逗號(hào)后面沒(méi)有連詞或關(guān)系詞,可知此題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。結(jié)合句子語(yǔ)意,應(yīng)用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作目的狀語(yǔ)。答案選A。
三、句首使用v-ing短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)的形式
v-ing短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)其判定方法為:該動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞直接連接,沒(méi)有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。
_____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin. (2002上海卷)
A. Exposed
B. Having exposed
C. Being exposed
D. After being exposed
析:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,will do是謂語(yǔ),缺少主語(yǔ),要用v-ing形式作主語(yǔ)。expose與one's skin是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故應(yīng)用v-ing的被動(dòng)式。答案為C。
四、句首使用v-ing短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的形式
用在句首的v-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)常常表示原因、時(shí)間、條件或讓步,其后用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)一個(gè)完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu),v-ing短語(yǔ)形式具有“進(jìn)行”和“主動(dòng)”意義。但當(dāng)v-ing短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)承受其動(dòng)作時(shí)要用被動(dòng)式;當(dāng)v-ing表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前時(shí)要用完成式;否定形式是把not放在v-ing短語(yǔ)的前邊。
1. ____ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (2005湖北卷)
A. Being separated
B. Having separated
C. Having been separated
D. To be separated
析:從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,判斷為該動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ);從意義上看,該動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ),需用v-ing形式;從邏輯上看,句子的主語(yǔ)Australia與separate的關(guān)系應(yīng)為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,即被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用被動(dòng)形式;從題意上看,separate這個(gè)動(dòng)作是在主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞has之前發(fā)生的,因此要用v-ing的完成形式。故正確答案為C。
注:置于句首的v-ing短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其前可加上相應(yīng)的從屬連詞when, while, if, though, although, once等,以明確所作狀語(yǔ)的類型。
2. Though ________ money, his parents managed to send him to university. (2002上海卷)
A. lacked B. lacking of
C. lacking D. lacked in
析:his parents與lack是主謂關(guān)系,要用v-ing形式作狀語(yǔ),在前面加上though,使得讓步意義更加明顯。答案為C。
五、句首使用v-ed短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的形式
用在句首的v-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)也常常表示原因、時(shí)間、條件、讓步或背景狀態(tài),其后也用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)一個(gè)完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu),只是v-ed短語(yǔ)形式具有“被動(dòng)”和“完成”意義。
1. ____ in the mountains for a week, the two students are finally saved by the local police.(2005江蘇卷)
A. Having lost B. Lost
C. Being lost D. Losing
析:從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),應(yīng)為該動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ);此題測(cè)試詞組be lost in...的用法,它表狀態(tài),不表動(dòng)作。故答案為B。
2. ____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.(2005上海卷)
A. Put
B. Putting
C. Having put
D. Being put
析:正確答案為A。主語(yǔ)the hotline于2000年4月被投入使用,v.-ed短語(yǔ)這里作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),可擴(kuò)展為When it (the hotline)was put into use in April 2000……
六、句首使用動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ)的形式
置于句首的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)如果只表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)說(shuō)話內(nèi)容所持態(tài)度,不作句子中的任何成分,去掉后句子意義仍然完整,則屬于插入語(yǔ)。這類插入語(yǔ)多為固定說(shuō)法。如用to-v短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ),常見(jiàn)的有:to tell (you) the truth(實(shí)話說(shuō)),to begin with(首先,第一),to make matters worse(更糟糕的是),to be honest/frank(老實(shí)說(shuō),坦白說(shuō))等;用v-ing短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ),常見(jiàn)的有:judging from/by...(從……判斷),talking of...(談及……),considering...(鑒于/考慮到……),supposing that...(假定……),generally speaking(一般來(lái)講)等;用v-ed短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ),常見(jiàn)的有:compared with/to...(與……相比較),given...(考慮到……),provided that...(如果……)等。
____, the more expensive the camera is, the better its quality.(2005全國(guó)卷III)
A. General speaking
B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking
D. Speaking generally
正確答案為C。
鞏固練習(xí)
1. _______ blood if you can and many lives will be saved.
A. Giving B. Give
C. Given D. To give
2. _____&n