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如何讀“懂”你 考研英語(yǔ)閱讀
每一位準(zhǔn)備考研的同學(xué)都渴望成功，事實(shí)卻是并非每一位同學(xué)在長(zhǎng)期備考的過(guò)程中都有著堅(jiān)定的恒心，在走進(jìn)考場(chǎng)前都具備了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在兩個(gè)半小時(shí)的應(yīng)試過(guò)程中時(shí)刻當(dāng)心，走出考場(chǎng)后心中充滿希望。
縱觀整個(gè)考研英語(yǔ)試卷，發(fā)現(xiàn)整張?jiān)嚲韺?shí)際只考察了考生兩個(gè)方面的能力——閱讀和寫(xiě)作，也就是說(shuō)，考研英語(yǔ)只考察了考生靈活應(yīng)用聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)四個(gè)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)當(dāng)中一半的能力，與準(zhǔn)備雅思、托福的考生相比，備戰(zhàn)考研的同學(xué)們已經(jīng)輕松了一半。而“得閱讀者得天下”，閱讀理解能力的提升意味著完形填空、新題型、甚至翻譯能力的提升，如果能夠把握好占考研英語(yǔ)70%的閱讀部分，英語(yǔ)高分就不在話下了。下面我要告訴大家的就是在復(fù)習(xí)閱讀的過(guò)程中一定要注意的一些原則性問(wèn)題。
從閱讀理解本身來(lái)講，閱讀并理解是做對(duì)題拿到分的前提，只有在閱讀并且理解的前提下才能夠保證做題的正確率，所以首要原則就是能夠把文章讀懂。那么怎樣做到切實(shí)的閱讀并且理解呢？在與考生的交流中，我們考研英語(yǔ)教研室肖芳芳老師發(fā)現(xiàn)很多問(wèn)題是與以下幾點(diǎn)密切相關(guān)的，解決了以下問(wèn)題，閱讀理解的問(wèn)題也就隨之解決了。
1. 閱讀策略- reading strategy
西方人寫(xiě)文章規(guī)律性極強(qiáng)，絕大多數(shù)議論文的組織形式為：開(kāi)頭提出論點(diǎn)，接下來(lái)會(huì)有若干分論點(diǎn)，分論點(diǎn)后面會(huì)緊跟論據(jù)，支持分論點(diǎn)以及總論點(diǎn)。如此具有規(guī)律的'文章形式極大地幫助我們讀懂文章大意。大意懂了，就要仔細(xì)閱讀具體的內(nèi)容了，而這個(gè)時(shí)候總會(huì)遇到這樣那樣的困難。所以在閱讀文章時(shí)一定要硬著頭皮，迎難而上，看不懂的地方也要盡量猜測(cè)，不要因?yàn)槟硞�(gè)單詞影響對(duì)整個(gè)句子的理解，同時(shí)把握句子當(dāng)中的意群group meaning，這個(gè)句子可能讀不懂，但是讀懂了句子中的意群，再看看句子里面有沒(méi)有否定詞和轉(zhuǎn)折詞，基本上這個(gè)句子就明白了。
例句1：No less remarkable than the development of the compact disc has been the use of the new technology to revitalize, in better sound than was ever before possible, some of the classic recorded performances of the pre-Latin era.
這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句當(dāng)中使用了一個(gè)短語(yǔ)搭配no less … than …（不比…差），也就是說(shuō)這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句其實(shí)就是在比較兩個(gè)事物，兩個(gè)事物是相當(dāng)?shù)�、平等的，所以找到兩個(gè)事物，這個(gè)句子就讀懂了。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)句子當(dāng)中提到的兩個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)為compact disc和classic recorded performances，而其它成份則為這兩個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ)。
例句2：Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, health officials have ordered that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results published.
此句狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)為protest，主句主語(yǔ)為official，賓語(yǔ)為從句，賓語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)為level，of短語(yǔ)修飾level，in短語(yǔ)修飾bacterial，at短語(yǔ)修飾seawater，be measured and published為從句謂語(yǔ)。譯文： 盡管有一些廢品處理公司的反對(duì)，負(fù)責(zé)健康方面的官員們還是要求對(duì)受公眾歡迎的海灘的海水所含細(xì)菌的數(shù)量進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，并且要求把這些結(jié)果公布于眾。
例句3： The temperature of the exhaust gases is well above 500 c, meaning that solid oxide fuel cells are very attractive for electricity and heat generation as, in addition to supplying electricity; the leftover amounts of heat created during the process could be used to produce heat for industries, provide hot water suppliers or warm buildings.
詞句主句含義為氣體溫度很高，其余的部分則為meaning分詞作狀語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)從句。從句的主語(yǔ)為solid oxide fuel cells，表語(yǔ)為attractive，補(bǔ)語(yǔ)為electricity and heat generation，后面又是一個(gè)as引導(dǎo)的原因從句，從句的主語(yǔ)為heat，created during the process為heat的修飾語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)為could be used to，賓語(yǔ)為并列的三個(gè)事項(xiàng)produce heat for industries, provide hot water suppliers 和warm buildings. 譯文：那些廢棄的溫度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于500 c，這就意味著：對(duì)于發(fā)電和供熱來(lái)說(shuō)，固體氧化燃料電池是很不錯(cuò)的，因?yàn)槌斯╇娡�，在該過(guò)程中所產(chǎn)生的剩余熱量可用于工業(yè)供熱、供應(yīng)熱水、或者給建筑物供暖。
2. 語(yǔ)法+單詞+短語(yǔ)- grammar + vocabulary + phrases
通過(guò)上述例句可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，在單詞不完全認(rèn)識(shí)的情況下，仍然可以依靠語(yǔ)法知識(shí)將長(zhǎng)難句分解為若干部分，而這若干部分當(dāng)中，只需要理解一部分，就能夠?qū)θ涞暮x完全掌握，可見(jiàn)牢固的語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)在整個(gè)閱讀理解當(dāng)中的地位何等重要。
而上述例句為no less引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)倒裝句型，句子真正的主語(yǔ)為：the use of the new technology, 謂語(yǔ)部分為has been, 表語(yǔ)為remarkable.
而對(duì)于單詞而言，考研閱讀當(dāng)中喜歡考查普通單詞不普通的含義。
例如2004年第43題：
The expression “tip service” most probably means ________
A. advisory B. compensation C. interaction D. reminder
原文：For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept----what you think you want to do----then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There is no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.
同學(xué)們看到這道題中的“tip service”首先想到了A項(xiàng)advisory，因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)單詞本身就是一組近義詞，但是考研閱讀是不會(huì)考到這么簡(jiǎn)單的近義詞的，所以回到原文驗(yàn)證時(shí)我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，原文中tip service所在的一句話由一個(gè)分號(hào)隔開(kāi)，分號(hào)前后句表達(dá)的含義應(yīng)當(dāng)一致，這樣我們可以得出tip service的含義應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)扔糜诜痔?hào)后半句reminder的含義，由此得出正確選項(xiàng)D。
這就要求我們?cè)谟泦卧~時(shí)要主動(dòng)去關(guān)注單詞第二、第三個(gè)解釋，并且要深度掌握歷年考試當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)的高頻詞匯與高頻短語(yǔ)，這一點(diǎn)尤其重要，因?yàn)樵陂喿x理解題目當(dāng)中，高頻詞匯是會(huì)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在考題當(dāng)中的；而對(duì)于完型填空當(dāng)中對(duì)于固定搭配的考查，歷年考研英語(yǔ)當(dāng)中是沒(méi)有重復(fù)短語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)的，這就要求我們?cè)趯?duì)歷年考試真題復(fù)習(xí)的同時(shí)，還要做到下面一項(xiàng)工作。
3. 知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備- knowledge
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀部分的文章分為自然科學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)及人文科學(xué)三大類，而大部分同學(xué)對(duì)于西方人樂(lè)于研究的自然科學(xué)及社會(huì)科學(xué)的常識(shí)知之甚少，導(dǎo)致在閱讀文章出現(xiàn)到速度問(wèn)題、單詞問(wèn)題、理解問(wèn)題等。所以在精讀真題的同時(shí)，一定要搭配一定量的泛讀以提高對(duì)某些知識(shí)領(lǐng)域的認(rèn)知，更重要的是了解更多的單詞與固定搭配的用法。而除歷年真題外，各種各樣的模擬題正是泛讀文章極好的來(lái)源。
4. 考研出題人的可愛(ài)之處
我們來(lái)分享幾個(gè)考研閱讀理解中比較有趣的幾道題目：
2004年第49題：
What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ”?
A: They are getting impatient.
B: They are noisily dozing off.
C: They are feeling humiliated.
D: They are busy with word puzzles.
原文：The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees; all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients hose interest as they plough through them.
這道題出得非常有水準(zhǔn)，不難看出考研出題的老教授們也是漫畫(huà)迷，漫畫(huà)當(dāng)中ZZZ表示呼呼大睡的場(chǎng)面出現(xiàn)在了考研閱讀題目當(dāng)中，也有同學(xué)錯(cuò)選為A項(xiàng)，認(rèn)為大家有些不耐煩，而原文中卻絲毫沒(méi)有表達(dá)出“不耐煩”的含義，所以正確答案為B。當(dāng)然不認(rèn)識(shí)doze off短語(yǔ)的同學(xué)也有可能錯(cuò)選。
再來(lái)看2000年第52題：
The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ______
A. TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market.
B. Semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises.
C. Machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal action.
D. Auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.
原文：It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid 1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the
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