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如何破解2015考研英語(yǔ)閱讀細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題
細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題是考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解當(dāng)中最重要的題型，也是占據(jù)比重最大的題型，每年基本20道題目中有一半都是細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。接下來我們來講解以下解題順序：
1.標(biāo)志：fact， truth；時(shí)間，數(shù)字，地點(diǎn)，大寫字母，錢；專有名詞。
2.根據(jù)題干中的標(biāo)志詞返回原文定位：
考生一定要每道題目都返回原文，這是解任何題目的基礎(chǔ)，很多考生閱讀得不了高分得最重要原因就是不返回原文定位。然而考研和四、六級(jí)考試不一樣，四、六級(jí)考試每道題目基本都能定位到原文的某一句話，而考研直白地考一句話的概率很小，基本都是定位在某一段。
3.經(jīng)�？疾斓氖菍�(duì)原文中一些細(xì)節(jié)性、具體信息的閱讀，因此一定要精確理解原文
這就是考驗(yàn)最大的特點(diǎn)，就是考察的非常細(xì)，不光光是一個(gè)句子，甚至于一個(gè)單詞，一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)都要正確理解。
4.正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)與原文同義表達(dá)：
我們把選項(xiàng)和原文重疊，記住“本本主義”，即與原文意思接近的，差不多的為正確答案，與原文意思相反的，或者只要是文中未提及的都是錯(cuò)的。
接下來我們具體以真題為例來闡述一下我們的解題步驟，如2000年第一篇文章：
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably， the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries， such as consumer electronics， had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left， Zenith. （Now there is none： Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.） Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors， which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age， was going to be the next casualty.
52. The loss of US predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American________.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
首先我們審題，根據(jù)題干中的1980s（數(shù)字），我們可以定位到原文第二段。然后逐一看選項(xiàng)A“電視工業(yè)萎縮回到了國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)（即：該工業(yè)失去了國(guó)際市場(chǎng)）�！薄案鶕�(jù)第二段，到80年代中期，面對(duì)其工業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的日益衰退，美國(guó)人感到無計(jì)可施（at a loss），美國(guó)某些大的行業(yè)——如電子消費(fèi)品——在園際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的壓力下，面臨萎縮或消亡的威脅。到1987年為止，美國(guó)僅存的電視制造商只有Zenith 一家了（現(xiàn)在已蕩然無存：Zenith于7月份——指文章寫作年代的7月份——被韓國(guó)LG電子有限公司收購(gòu)了）。這里并沒有直接提到美國(guó)電視失去國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，事實(shí)上，它連國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)也保不住了。因此A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。B”半導(dǎo)體行業(yè)被外國(guó)公司接管�！暗诙巫詈笠痪涮岬剑谝欢螘r(shí)間內(nèi)，半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)看上去好像要成為下一個(gè)受害者�！笨瓷先ズ孟瘛暗臐撆_(tái)詞就是”事實(shí)上并不是如此“，因此B與原文意思相反。C”機(jī)械制造業(yè)自取滅亡“，第二段提到了機(jī)械制造業(yè)”岌岌可危 “。這顯然也是說它正在失去國(guó)內(nèi)外市場(chǎng)，并未提到它的滅亡是由其自身原因造成的。on the ropes解釋為”岌岌可�！安⒉唤忉尀椤弊詺ⅰ�。而第二段第六句提到，進(jìn)口車和紡織品涌進(jìn)（美國(guó)）國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。由此可知：D”汽車制造業(yè)失去了部分國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)“與原文意思一致。選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。
正如筆者前文所述，考研的特點(diǎn)是精讀，而且選項(xiàng)極具誘惑性，接下來我們來看看考研閱讀理解之中常見的誘惑手段：
1.單詞替換：因?yàn)榭佳懈鼜?qiáng)調(diào)考生理解單詞的深度，因此單詞替換是考研常用的誘惑手段。具體又可以分為兩大類：
A）詞義曲解：當(dāng)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)單詞，經(jīng)常是一詞多義的時(shí)候，考生應(yīng)警惕選項(xiàng)中的意思很有可能和原文的意思是不相同的。
如2002第一篇：“If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile， you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with（支持）their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing， the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group or managers， you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries； alternatively if you are addressing secretaries， you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.”
41. To make your humor work， you should
[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience.
[B] make fun of the disorganized people.
[C] address different problems to different people.
[D] show sympathy for（同情）your listeners.
很多考生沒有能正確識(shí)別兩個(gè)sympathy的意思，而誤選了選項(xiàng)D.
B）貌似同義改寫：當(dāng)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)單詞和原文中一個(gè)單詞非常相似，或者就是一個(gè)詞，只要詞性發(fā)生變化，一般都是錯(cuò)誤答案。
如2004年第二篇：“Can this merely be coincidence？ One theory， dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged， is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school， teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front， to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row， and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape（幸運(yùn)的逃脫了）。 Yet the result may be worse qualifications， because they get less individual attention， as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.”
48、The 4th paragraph suggests that
[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students.
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class.（逃學(xué)）
[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students.
[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight.
兩個(gè)同是escape，只是原文中是一個(gè)名詞，解釋為逃脫；選項(xiàng)是動(dòng)詞解釋為逃學(xué)。
2.因果顛倒：這類選項(xiàng)誘惑性很強(qiáng)，因?yàn)樵蚝徒Y(jié)果都和原文相同，只是把原文的原因作為結(jié)果，結(jié)果作為原因。因此考生在原文中只要讀到因果關(guān)系的時(shí)候，就一定要清楚的分辨出哪一個(gè)原因，哪一個(gè)是結(jié)果。
如2005年第三篇文章“Of all the components of a good night‘s sleep， dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams， a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago， Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears； by the late 1970s， neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just”mental noise“-the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat， regulating moods while the brain is”off-line“。（今天研究者認(rèn)為夢(mèng)是人思想情緒的自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)器，在睡眠的時(shí)候調(diào)節(jié)情緒的）And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control， to help us sleep and feel better.”It‘s your dream，&ldquo
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