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2016年考研英語中的常見倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
長難句是考研英語文章中最常見的“攔路虎”， 所以我們總是要先把所謂的三大從句搞清楚，但是當(dāng)我們把從句夠清楚后，發(fā)現(xiàn)還是有一些句子會(huì)讓我們丈二摸不到頭腦，現(xiàn)在老師就和大家談?wù)効佳杏⒄Z長難句中的倒裝這一特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。
其實(shí)英語中的“倒裝”一般指的是句子中主語和謂語在位置上的顛倒，正常情況下，謂語一定要放在主語的后面，比如：I like watching the romantic movies in my spare time. He is a famous teacher in this university. 這兩個(gè)句子里，謂語like跟在主語I后面，同樣，is跟在he后面。
但在一些特殊的語法規(guī)則下，主謂的位置會(huì)發(fā)生變化。比如下面這兩個(gè)句子：
In the mountain lives the old man.
Only in the mountain does the old man live.
顯然這兩個(gè)句子里都存在謂語動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)在主語old man前的結(jié)構(gòu)，那么這就是所謂的倒裝。但是我們也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這里有不同，第一個(gè)句子倒的是lives；而第二個(gè)句子倒的是助動(dòng)詞does，而真正的謂語live依然在主語the old man 的后面。所以第二個(gè)句子是倒裝嗎？那和第一個(gè)句子的倒裝種類一樣嗎？
其實(shí)，在英語中最常見的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)從大的方向就兩種：全倒裝和半倒裝，在這里上面的第一個(gè)句子就是全倒裝，而第二個(gè)句子就是所謂的半倒裝；共同點(diǎn)都是倒謂語動(dòng)詞，但是倒裝的部分有區(qū)別。全倒是把整個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞包括它對應(yīng)的助動(dòng)詞形式全部放在主語前：lives 的謂語動(dòng)詞其實(shí)是live （動(dòng)詞本身）+ does（對應(yīng)的第三人稱形式）；而半倒裝只是把謂語動(dòng)詞對應(yīng)的助動(dòng)詞倒到主語的前面，而謂語動(dòng)詞本身位置不發(fā)生變化，正如上面的Only in the mountain does the old man live.
我們先要分清動(dòng)詞本身與它對應(yīng)的形式，如下列舉：（以動(dòng)詞watch為例）
watch—— do
watched—— did
watches—— does
has/have watched—— has/have
had watched—— had
can watch —— can
搞清了所謂的謂語動(dòng)詞以及對應(yīng)的助動(dòng)詞形式，那么全倒裝和半倒裝的問題就解決了大半，剩下的問題就是什么時(shí)候全倒，什么時(shí)候半倒。下面我們把常見的全倒裝和半倒裝的規(guī)則進(jìn)行一下整理：
1. 全倒裝：
—— 謂語動(dòng)詞放置在主語之前
An old man lives in the city center.
= In the city center lives an old man.
A temple stands on the mountain.
= On the mountain stands a temple.
強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的地點(diǎn)，方向的副詞或狀語時(shí)需要全倒裝！
1） up， down， away， in， out， off ， under 等置于句首時(shí)；
In came a number of boys and girls talking and laughing.
一群孩子邊說邊笑走了進(jìn)來。
2） Here，there，now， then， thus， hence 置于句首時(shí)而主語不是人稱代詞時(shí)；
There goes a bus.
一輛公車從那邊開過來。
2. 半倒裝：
（1）句首出現(xiàn)否定詞 never， nor， seldom， little， hardly， scarcely， rarely， few等
I never trust you.
= Never do I trust you.
He seldom believes the information from the Internet.
= Seldom does he believe the information from the Internet.
（2）否定詞組在句首
He no longer works for the money， but for the personal development.
= No longer does he work for the money， but for the personal development.
常見詞組：On no account， at no time， by no means， in no case， under no circumstance， in no way，on no account， on no consideration， no longer， not only等。
（3） only+狀語/狀語從句在句首
We can achieve the goal only in this way.
= Only in this way can we achieve the goal.
（a） Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.
（b） Only when the meeting was over was he able to meet his friend.
（4） so 或so引導(dǎo)的短語放在句首要部分倒裝
He saw the film. So did she.
- She is a student.
- So am I.
He ran so fast that we couldn‘t catch up with him.
= So fast did he run that we couldn‘t catch up with him.
She speaked so loudly that everyone could hear her clearly.
= So loudly did she speak that everyone could hear her clearly.
Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role， too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday‘s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.
（5）讓步狀語從句的倒裝
Although I am young， I can live by myself.
= Young as I am， I can live by myself.
= Young though I am， I can live by myself.
Although he is a child， he has learned to earn a living.
= Child as he is， he has learned to earn a living.
= Child though he is， he has learned to earn a living.
Although I like you very much， ……
= Much as I like you，……
= Though as I like you， ……
Odd though it sounds， cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics， and many astrophysics have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
特殊句型
Hardly …when…
No sooner…than…
一……就……
No sooner（Hardly） had we reached home than （when） it began to rain.
Hardly had the football match begun when it started snowing.
No sooner had he arrived at the station than the train began to leave.
以上就是英語中常見的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，大家只要把倒裝的概念以及規(guī)則搞清楚，然后把主語和謂語的位置轉(zhuǎn)化成原來的位置，就可以了。
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