英語考研真題

　　在研究生考試的備考過程中，部分同學(xué)可能會存在這樣的問題，比如：今年的英語真題是怎樣的？下面是小編為大家整理的英語考研真題，歡迎大家借鑒與參考，希望對大家有所幫助。

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark A, B, Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　There’s nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you._1_the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in_2_disabled access to buildings and helping provide general_3_to commercial buildings.

　　Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years_4_by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt. They_5_as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown their_6_have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly_7_in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors_8_crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in peoples’ way.

　　_9_making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area_10_by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these_11_smaller buildings to maximize the usable space inside withouthaving to _12_the way for a large, sticking-outdoor. There are many different types of automatic door, with each_13_specific signals to tell them when to open._14_these methods differ, the main_15_remain the same.

　　Each automatic door system_16_the light, sound, weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to_17_the different environments they are needed in._18_,a busy street might not_19_a motion-censored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure-sensitive mat would be more_20_to limit the surveyed area.

　　1. A.ThroughB. DespiteC. BesidesD. Without

　　2. A. revealingB. demandingC.improvingD.tracing

　　3. A. experienceB. convenienceC.guidanceD.reference

　　4. A. previouslyB. temporarilyC.successivelyD. eventually

　　5. A. held onB. started outC. settled downD. went by

　　6. A. relationsB. volumesC. beneftsD. sources

　　7.A. usefulB. simpleC. flexibleD. stable

　　8. A. call forB. yield toC. insist onD. act as

　　9. A. As well asB. In terms ofC.Thanks toD.Rather than

　　10. A. connectedB. sharedC. representedD. occupied

　　11.A. allowB. expectC. requireD. direct

　　12.A. adoptB.leadC.clearD. change

　　13. A. adapting toB. deriving fromC.relying onD. pointing at

　　14.A. OnceB. SinceC. UnlessD.Although

　　15. A. recordsB. positionsC. principlesD.reasons

　　16. A. controlsB.analysesC. producesD.mixes

　　17. A. decorateB. compareC. protectD. complement

　　18. A. In conclusionB. By contrastC.For exampleD. Above all

　　19. A. identifyB.suitC. secureD.include

　　20. A. appropriateB. obviousC.impressiveD.delicate

　　1-5 DCBAB

　　6-10 CADAD

　　11-15 ACCDC

　　16-20 BDCBA

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by.choosingA, B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)

　　Text 1

　　/ Nearly 2,000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they leftbehind a curious treasure: 10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nailhoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres ofgravel.

　　Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that thewithdrawal was rushed, and they didnt want the local Caledonans getting theirhands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep thatthey would not be discovered for almost two millennia.

　　Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmiths labour in a nail evenmore than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful bookNuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes bum down theirhomes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover thevaluable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that onemight burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce,costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.

　　The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, aseconomist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel,although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaperenergy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found moreefficient ways to turn steel into nails.

　　Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied thembecause they havent changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are verydifferent from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails. Itwould be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695, but toask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.

　　Imake no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of everydayobjects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about thehistory of inventions, one thing Ive leamnt is that while it is the enchantinglysophisticated technologics that get all the hype, its the cheap technologies thatchange the world.

　　The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing thenature of writing but by changing its cost - and it would have achieved littlewithout a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to anoften-overlooked technology called paper. Solar pancls had a few niche uses untilthey became cheap; now they are transforming the global cnergy system.

　　21. The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of

　　A. saving them for future use.

　　B. keeping them from rusting.

　　C.letting them grow in value.

　　D. hiding them from the locals.

　　22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to

　　A. highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists.

　　B. illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period.

　　C.contrast the attitudes of different civilisations towards nails.

　　Dshow the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time.

　　23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?

　　A. Increased productivity.

　　B. Wider use of new energies.

　　CFiercer market competition.

　　D.Reduced cost of raw matecials.

　　24. It can be leamed from Paragraph 5 that nails

　　A. have undergone many technological improvements.

　　B. have remained basically the same since Roman times.

　　C.are less studied than other everyday products.

　　D. are one of the worlds most significant inventions.

　　25. Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?

　　A. Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.

　　B. Technological innovation is integral to economic success.

　　C.Technology defines peoples understanding of the world.

　　D. Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.

　　21-25 DDABA

　　Text 2

　　Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key tobringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idca isbased on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each childis cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look afcryounger ones and “baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, isconsidered the norm.

　　According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist atCambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to lessanxiety for children and parents.

　　Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways toincorporate them into westem life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an oldpeoples home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, anarrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouragingfriendships between children in different school years to mirror the unsupervisedmixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.

　　In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention whichbroke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an “intensive motheringnarrative", which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likelyto have been harmful. "Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and havedangerous consequences," they wrote.

　　By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents canprovide almost half of a childs care. One previous study looked at the Efé peopleof the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed betweencaregivers eight times an hour.

　　Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock-on" beneit to a childs wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers - this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.

　　While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that westem “instructive teaching", where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention defcit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance their own social development".

　　26. According to the first two paragraphs, alloparenting refers to-the practice of

　　A. sharing childcare among community members.

　　B. assigning babies to specific adult caregivers.

　　C.teaching parenting skills to older children.

　　D. carrying infants around by their parents.

　　27. The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate

　　A. an attempt to facilitate intergenerational commuhucation.

　　B. an approach to integrating alloparenting into western society.

　　C.the conventional parenting style in westem culture.

　　D.the differences between westem and African ways of living.

　　28.According to Paragraph 4, the "intensive mothering narrative”

　　A. alleviates parenting pressures.

　　Bconsolidates family relationships.

　　C.results in the child-centred family.

　　D. departs from the course of evolution.

　　29.What can be inferred about the nurseries in the UK?

　　A. They tend to fall short of official requirements.

　　B. They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.

　　C. They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.

　　D. They should try to prevent parental depression.

　　30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　A. Instructive teaching: a dilemma for anxious parents

　　B. For a happier family, leam from the hunter-gatherers

　　C.Mixed-age playgroup, a better choice for lonely children

　　D. Tracing the history of parenting: from Africa to Europe

　　26-30 ABDCB

　　Text 3

　　A Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes, Greg Rutkowski has made illustrations for games such as Dungeons & Dragons and Magic: The Gathering. And hes become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.

　　His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion. The tool, along with other popular image-generation AI models, allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts. For example, type in "Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,” and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away from works in Rutkowskis style.

　　But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the internet, often without permission and proper attribution to artists. As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright. And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.

　　According to the website Lexica, which tracks over 10 million Stable Diffusion images and prompts, Rutkowskis name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times. Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences. Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published. The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasnt his.

　　"Its been just a month. What about in a year? I probably wont be able tofind my work out there because the intemet will be flooded with AI art," Rutkowski said. "Thats concerning."

　　Other artists besides Rutkowski have been surprised by the apparent popularity of their work in text-to-image generators - and some are now fighting back.

　　Karla Ortiz, an illustrator based in San Francisco who found her work in Stable Diffusions data set, has been raising awareness about the issues around Al art and copyright. Artists say they risk losing income as people start using Al-generated images based on copyrighted material for commercial purposes. But its also a lot more personal, Ortiz says, arguing that because art is so closely linked to a person, it could raise data protection and privacy problems.

　　“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tacxle or mitigate this,” says Ortiz. The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation. One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain, and AI companies could forge partncrships with muscums and artists, Ortiz says.

　　31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?

　　A. He is enthusiastic about using AI models.

　　B. He is popular with users of an AI art generator.

　　He attracts admiration from other illustrators.

　　D. He specializes in classical painting digitalization.

　　32. The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they

　　A. lack flexibility in responding to prompts.

　　B. produce artworks in unpredictable styles.

　　C.make unauthorized use of online images.

　　D. collect user information without consent.

　　33. After searching online, Rutkowski found

　　A. a unique way to reach audiences.

　　B. a new method to identify Al images.

　　C.Al-generated work bearing his name.

　　D. heated disputes regarding his copyright.

　　34. According to Ortiz, AI companies are advised to

　　A. campaign for new policies or regulation.

　　B. offer their services to public institutions.

　　C.strengthen their relationships with AI users.

　　D.adopt a different strategy for AI model training.

　　35.What is the text mainly about?

　　A. Artists’responses to AI art generation.

　　B.AIs expanded role in artistic creation.

　　C.Privacy issues in the application of AI.

　　D. Opposing views on AI development.

　　31-35 BCCDA

　　Text 4

　　The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths, but in the complexity of its natural construction, the interaction of fresh and saline waters,and the mix of land and water. The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters, filtering pollutants from water, and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.

　　All this was put at great risk late last month, when the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways. Specifically,a 5-4majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a “continuous surface connection” to bodies of water.

　　This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders, mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.

　　And it carries “significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,”as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.

　　In Maryland, the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections. But thats a very shortsighted view, particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay. The reality is that water, and the pollutants that so often come with it, dont respect state boundaries. The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia, Pennsylvania,New York, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware. Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett v. EPA?Perhaps some, but all? That secms unlikely.

　　It is too easy, and misleading, to see such court rulings as mercly standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors. And its a reminder that the EPAs involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program nas long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states. Pennsylvania farmers, to use one telling example, arent thinking about next years blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their ficlds, yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.

　　And so we would call on state lawmakers rom Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and sec for themselves the cnormous stakes involved. We can offer them a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Rcfuge in Dorchester County where bald cagles fy over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across thcm but teaming with aquatic life. Its worth the sccnic drive.

　　36. The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as

　　A. a valuable natural environment.

　　B. a controversial conservation area.

　　C. a place with commercial potential.

　　D. a headache for nearby communities.

　　37.The U.S. Supreme Courts ruling in the Idaho case

　　A. reinforces water pollution control.

　　B. weakens the EPAs regulatory power.

　　C.will end conflicts among local residents.

　　D. may face opposition from mining operators.

　　38. How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?

　　A. Worried.

　　B. Puzzled.

　　C. Relieved.

　　D. Encouraged.

　　39. What can be inferred about the EPAs involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?

　　A. It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.

　　B. It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.

　　C. It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.

　　D. It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.

　　40. The author holds that the state lawmakers should

　　A. be cautious about the influence of land owners.

　　B.attach due importance to wetlands protections.

　　C.recognize the nced to cxpand wildlife refuges.

　　D. improve the wellbcing of endangered species.

　　36-40 ABADB

　　Part B

　　Directions:

　　Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments. Choose the best statement from the list A-G for cach numbercd name (41-45). There are two extra choices which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　(41)Hannah

　　Simply, there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to sec that part of thcir history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes. These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride. There is no good reason that these artifacis should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the gencrations to which they were left. They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects. They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.

　　(42) Buck

　　We know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced. Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and amiqwaes. The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 years old or 2 months old. In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery. Again, the story an exhibit is trying to tell is wbat matters. The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.

　　(43)Sara

　　When visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art, I came across a magnificent 15th-century Chinese sculpture. It inspired me to lear more about the culture that it represented. Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire, and perhaps spark that need to lear and understand the nature of their creators. Having said that, I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should, in fact, be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan, legally purchased, or obtained by treaty. Stealing artifacts from other peoples cultures is obscene; it robs not only the pbysical objects, but the dignity and spirit of their creators.

　　(44) Victor

　　Ancicnt art that is displayed in foreign countrics by all means should be relurned to the original country. The foreign countries have no right to hold back rctuming the items. I would ask that the foreign nations and the original country discuss thc terms of transfer. Yes, there is the risk that the original country will not have as good sccurity as do the foreign countries. But look at what happened to Bostons Gardner Museum theft in 1990, including the loss of Rembrandt,Vcrncer, Manct, and other masterpieces. Nothing is absolutely sate. nowhere.And now ClimateChange agitators are attacking publicly displayed works in Europcan museums.

　　(45) Julia

　　To those of yousn the comments section who are having strong feelings about artifacts being removcd from cities in the US and Britain and returned to their countries of origin, I would ask you to consider. wby do you think Americans have more of a right to easily access the Benin Bronzes than the people of Nigeria? Why are people who live within a days drive of London entitled to go and see the Elgin Marbles whenever they want, but the people of Athens arent? What intrinsic factors make the West a suitable home for these artifacts but preclude them from being preserved and displayed by their countries of origin? If your conclusion is that the West is better able to preserve these artifacts, think about why youre assuming that to be true.

　　A. It is clear that the countries of origin have never been compensated for the stolen artifacts.

　　B. It is a flawed tine of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.

　　C. Museum visitors can still lear as much from artifacts’copies after the onginals are returned.

　　D. Reproductions, even if perfectly made, cannot take the place of the authentic objects.

　　E. The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else.

　　F.Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.

　　G.Concem over security is no excuse for refusing to retum artifacts to their countries of origin.

　　41.E42.C43.F44.G45.B

　　Part C

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　"Elephants never forget"- or so they say-and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.

　　The African savanna elephant, also known as the African bush elephant, is distributed across. African countries. They move between a variety of habitats,including forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land. (46)

　　They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are - even when they are out of sight.

　　Using tracking devices, researchers have shown that they have "remarkable spatial acuity." When finding their way to waterholes, they headed off in exactly the right direction, on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles. What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest waterhole. (47) The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes.

　　Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood, smell may well play a part.

　　Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was known about how they selected their food. (48) One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found. but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy. not leas! because their eyesightis actually not very good.

　　(49) The volatile chemicals praduced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature. What is more, they can be detected even when they are not actually visible. New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants and probably other herbivores - to the best food resources.

　　The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely. They then sct up a “food station” experiment, in which they gave the elcphants a serics of choices based only on smell. (50) The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat. and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within cach patch. Free-ranging elcphants presumably also use this information to locate thcir preferred food.

　　Their well-developed hippocampal structures may cnable clephants, like rats and people, to construct cognitive maps.

　　46.它們有時會跋涉60多英里去尋找食物或者水，并且非常善于找出其它大象在哪里，即使這些大象在視線之外。

　　47.研究人員確信,關(guān)于他們所需的所有資源,大象總是準(zhǔn)確地指導(dǎo)自己在哪里，因此他們可以走捷徑，也可以沿著熟悉的路線走。

　　48.一種可能性是，他們只是用眼睛來試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)的植物，但這可能會浪費大量的時間和精力，尤其因為它們的視力實際上不是很好。

　　49.植物產(chǎn)生的揮發(fā)性化學(xué)物質(zhì)可以散發(fā)很遠的距離，而且這些物質(zhì)非常有特點:每一種植物或樹木都有自己獨特的氣味特征。

　　50.試驗表明，大象可以很好地利用嗅覺來識別適合食用的樹木片區(qū)，其次評估每個片區(qū)內(nèi)樹木的品質(zhì)。

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