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英語中的集合名詞
英語中的集合名詞是經(jīng)?疾榈囊粋(gè)考點(diǎn),它主要涉及集合名詞的可數(shù)性、單復(fù)數(shù)意義、主謂一致、恰當(dāng)?shù)男揎椪Z等。為了便于理解和記憶,我們將一些?嫉募厦~分為以下幾類,并分別簡述其有關(guān)用法特點(diǎn):
第一類
形式為單數(shù),但意義可以用為單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)
這類集合名詞包括family (家庭),team (隊(duì)),class (班),audience (聽眾)等,其用法特點(diǎn)為:若視為整體,表示單數(shù)意義;若考慮其個(gè)體成員,表示復(fù)數(shù)意義。比較并體會(huì):
His family is large. 他的家是個(gè)大家庭。
His family are all waiting for him. 他的一家人都在等他。
This class consists of 45 pupils. 這個(gè)班由45個(gè)學(xué)生組成。
This class are reading English now. 這個(gè)班的學(xué)生在讀英語。
第二類
形式為單數(shù),但意義永遠(yuǎn)為復(fù)數(shù)
這類集合名詞包括cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等,其用法特點(diǎn)為:只有單數(shù)形式, 但卻表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù);不與 a(n) 連用,但可與the連用(表示總括意義和特指)。如:
People will laugh at you. 人們會(huì)笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
Many cattle were killed for this. 就因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因宰了不少牲畜。
注:表示牲畜的頭數(shù),用單位詞 head(單復(fù)數(shù)同形)。如:
five head of cattle 5頭牛,fifty (head of ) cattle 50頭牛
第三類
形式為復(fù)數(shù),意義也為復(fù)數(shù)
這類集合名詞包括goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)等,其用法特點(diǎn)是:只有復(fù)數(shù)形式(當(dāng)然也表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,用作主語時(shí)謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)),但通常不與數(shù)詞連用。如:
Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season. 衣服在雨季不易干。
Such clothes are very expensive. 那樣的衣服很貴。
If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer. 如果貨物質(zhì)量不好,則理應(yīng)向制造商提出控訴。
第四類
形式為單數(shù),意義也為單數(shù)
這類集合名詞包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(機(jī)器), poetry(詩), scenery(風(fēng)景), jewelry(珠寶), equipment(設(shè)備)等, 其用法特點(diǎn)為:是不可數(shù)名詞,只用單數(shù)形式,不用不定冠詞(當(dāng)然更不能用數(shù)詞),沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我們的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有的行李都托運(yùn)了嗎?
The thief stole all her jewelry. 小偷把她所有的首飾都偷走了。
The hospital has no decent equipment. 這家醫(yī)院沒有像樣的設(shè)備。
The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry. 人們認(rèn)為唐朝是中國詩歌的全盛時(shí)期。
注:machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相應(yīng)的個(gè)體可數(shù)名詞是 machine, poem, jewel, scene等。如:
a poem / a piece of poetry 一首詩
many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 許多機(jī)器
第五類
補(bǔ)充幾個(gè)?嫉募厦~
除上面提到的四類集合名詞外,以下幾個(gè)集合名詞也應(yīng)重點(diǎn)注意(因?yàn)樗鼈円彩浅?伎键c(diǎn)):
1. hair(頭發(fā),毛發(fā))
指全部頭發(fā)或毛發(fā)時(shí),為集合名詞(不可數(shù));指幾根頭發(fā)或毛發(fā)時(shí),為個(gè)體名詞(可數(shù))。如:
My hair has grown very long. 我的頭發(fā)已長得很長了。
The police found two hairs there. 警察在那兒找到了兩根頭發(fā)。
2. mankind(人類)
是一個(gè)不可數(shù)的集合名詞,不用復(fù)數(shù)形式,也不連用冠詞。如:
This is an invention that benefits mankind. 這是一項(xiàng)造福人類的發(fā)明。
Mankind has its own problems. 人類有自己的問題。
注:mankind 表示“人(類)”時(shí),雖不可數(shù),但有時(shí)卻可以表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,尤其是當(dāng)其表語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)。如:
Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的動(dòng)物。
3. fruit(水果)
作為集合名詞,它通常是不可數(shù)的。如:
He doesn’t eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。
He is growing fruit in the country. 他在鄉(xiāng)下種水果。
但是,當(dāng)要表示種類時(shí),它可視為可數(shù)名詞,即a fruit 指一種水果,fruits 指多種水果。比較:
Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。
The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一種蔬菜,而不是一種水果。
集合名詞作主語時(shí),主謂一致關(guān)系是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的問題。對(duì)此類問題我們可以從“數(shù)”的角度分為四類。
1)單數(shù)—復(fù)數(shù)型。凡是有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾變化形式的集合名詞都屬于此類。如:a class—classes; a family—families; a government—governments; an army—armies; a people—peoples; a group—groups; a crowd—crowds; a crew—crews等。這類集合名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)的是整體性,即當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體或多個(gè)整體來看待。屬于這類集合名詞的單數(shù)作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例如】
A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.
The government has decided to pass the bill.
There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.
There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.
但應(yīng)注意,這類集合名詞的單數(shù)形式有時(shí)表示復(fù)數(shù)概念,所以這些集合名詞的單數(shù)形式也可歸為“單復(fù)同形型”中。
2)單數(shù)型。這類集合名詞表示的是人或事物的整體,即把這類人或事物的全部包括在內(nèi),所以只有單數(shù)形式。如作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。這類名詞常見的有:humanity, mankind, proletariat等。
【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress.
3)復(fù)數(shù)型。這類集合名詞在形式和內(nèi)容上是相互矛盾的,就是說它們只有單數(shù)形式,但表達(dá)的都是復(fù)數(shù)概念。它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是集體中的個(gè)體性。這類名詞有:police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, personnel等。它們作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。
【例如】The police have caught the murder.
Our personnel are very highly trained.
The vermin are very dangerous.
4)單復(fù)同形型。這類集合名詞的單數(shù)形式既可表示單數(shù)也可表示復(fù)數(shù)。作主語時(shí),用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞或復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞均可,有時(shí)意義區(qū)別不大。
【例如】The school teaching staff are (is) excellent.
The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park.
The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid.
這類集合名詞常見的有:class, family, team, crew, board, herd, committee, party, jury, enemy, audience等。
根據(jù)說話人的心理意向若把這個(gè)集合名詞所代表的人或事物看作一個(gè)整體,就認(rèn)為是單數(shù),用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞;若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干個(gè)個(gè)體的話,就認(rèn)為其為復(fù)數(shù),用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
試比較:The football team is playing well.
那個(gè)足球隊(duì)打得非常漂亮。
The football team areshavingsbath and are then coming back here for tea.
足球隊(duì)員們正在洗澡,然后來這里吃茶點(diǎn)。
The family is a very happy one.
那個(gè)家庭是一個(gè)非常幸福的家庭。
That family are very pleased about the news of William's success.
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